langs: 18 ноября [ru] / november 18 [en] / 18. november [de] / 18 novembre [fr] / 18 novembre [it] / 18 de noviembre [es]
days: november 15 / november 16 / november 17 / november 18 / november 19 / november 20 / november 21
Cosmonaut / Cosmonaut
#1 Alan Shepard
Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. (November 18, 1923 – July 21, 1998) was an American astronaut , naval aviator , test pilot , and businessman. In 1961, he became the second person and the first American to travel into space, and in 1971, he walked on the Moon . American astronaut (1923–1998), first Ameri
- Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. ( november 18, 1923 – July 21, 1998) was an American astronaut , naval aviator , test pilot , and businessman. In ...
- ... epard (disambiguation) . Alan Shepard Shepard in 1971 Born Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. ( 1923-11-18 ) november 18, 1923 Derry, New Hampshire , U.S. Died July 21, 1998 (1998-07-21) (aged 74) Pebble Beach, California ...
- ... 25, 1971, the first astronaut to reach that rank. EARLY LIFE Alan Bartlett Shepard Jr. was born on november 18, 1923, in Derry, New Hampshire , [1] to Alan Bartlett Shepard Sr. and Pauline Renza Shepard ( née Em ...
#2 Akihiko Hoshide
Akihiko Hoshide ( 星出 彰彦 , Hoshide Akihiko , born December 28, 1968) is a Japanese engineer , JAXA astronaut , and former Commander of the International Space Station . On August 30, 2012, Hoshide became the third Japanese astronaut to walk in space. [1] Japanese engineer and JAXA astronaut Akihiko H
- ... for a Japanese astronaut, at 21-hours and 23-minutes total. [13] Expedition 33 officially ended on 18 november 2012 with the undocking of Soyuz TMA-05M. Malenchenko, Williams and Hoshide safely landed approxima ...
#3 William J. Knight
William John "Pete" Knight (November 18, 1929 – May 7, 2004) ( Col , USAF ) was an American aeronautical engineer , politician , Vietnam War combat pilot , test pilot , and astronaut . He was one of twelve pilots who flew the North American X-15 , an experimental spaceplane jointly operated by the
- William John "Pete" Knight ( november 18, 1929 – May 7, 2004) ( Col , USAF ) was an American aeronautical engineer , politician , Vietnam War ...
- ... Tom McClintock Succeeded by George Runner Personal details Born William John Knight ( 1929-11-18 ) november 18, 1929 Noblesville, Indiana , U.S. Died May 7, 2004 (2004-05-07) (aged 74) Los Angeles , California, ...
- ... er, killing pilot Michael Adams and destroying the X-15-3. EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION Knight was born november 18, 1929, in Noblesville, Indiana , to parents William T. Knight (1906–1968) and Mary Emma Knight (1909 ...
#4 Jing Haipeng
Jing Haipeng ( simplified Chinese : 景海鹏 ; traditional Chinese : 景海鵬 ; pinyin : Jǐng Hǎipéng ; born 24 October 1966) is a major general of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) in active service as a vice-commander of the 82nd Group Army . A fighter pilot in the PLA Air Force (PLAAF), he
- ... using a Long March 2F launch vehicle . [8] The crew landed successfully after the 33 day mission on 18 november 2016.The reentry module of the Shenzhou-11 spacecraft landed in Inner Mongolia around 2.15 p.m (Chi ...
#5 Neil Armstrong
Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer , and the first person to walk on the Moon . He was also a naval aviator , test pilot , and university professor. American astronaut and lunar explorer (1930–2012) For other uses, see Neil A
- ... into the future, destines our nation to become one of second or even third rate stature". [276] On november 18, 2010, aged 80, he said in a speech during the Science & Technology Summit in the Hague, Netherlands ...
#6 Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper
Heidemarie Martha Stefanyshyn-Piper (born February 7, 1963) is an American Naval officer and former NASA astronaut . [2] She has achieved the rank of Captain in the United States Navy . She is also a qualified and experienced salvage officer. Her major salvage projects include de-stranding the tanke
- ... cond scheduled session of EVA on the International Space Station During the first EVA of STS-126 on november 18, 2008, as Stefanyshyn-Piper was preparing to begin work on the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint , she notice ...
#7 Lisa Nowak
Lisa Marie Nowak (née Caputo , born May 10, 1963) is an American aeronautical engineer , and former NASA astronaut and United States Navy captain . Nowak served as naval flight officer and test pilot in the Navy, and was selected by NASA for NASA Astronaut Group 16 in 1996, qualifying as a mission s
- ... ey , with Mark Kelly as pilot and Michael Fossum and Carlos Noriega as mission specialists. [38] On november 18, 2004, NASA announced that Nowak and her classmate Stephanie Wilson would join the STS-121 crew as a ...
#8 Chen Dong (taikonaut)
Chen Dong ( simplified Chinese : 陈冬 ; traditional Chinese : 陳冬 ; pinyin : Chén Dōng ; born 12 December 1978) is a Chinese fighter pilot and taikonaut selected as part of the Shenzhou program . A fighter pilot in the People's Liberation Army Air Force , he was selected to be a CNSA taikonaut in 2010.
- ... r using a Long March 2F launch rocket. [6] The crew landed successfully after the 33 day mission on 18 november 2016, marking China's longest manned space flight to date. [7] The reentry module of the Shenzhou-1 ...
#9 Robert Crippen
Robert Laurel Crippen (born September 11, 1937) is an American retired naval officer and aviator , test pilot , aerospace engineer , and retired astronaut . He traveled into space four times: as Pilot of STS-1 in April 1981, the first Space Shuttle mission; and as Commander of STS-7 in June 1983, ST
- ... ved the Congressional Space Medal of Honor , the highest award for spaceflight achievement. [28] On november 18, 2015, at the National Business Aviation Association convention in Las Vegas , Crippen was announced ...
#10 Kevin A. Ford
Kevin Anthony Ford (born July 7, 1960) is a retired United States Air Force Colonel and NASA astronaut . Ford has received a number of special honors and awards, some of which are the Air Force Meritorious Service Medal , Air Force Commendation Medal , Aerial Achievement Medal and the Armed Forces E
- ... to space as part of Expedition 33 aboard Soyuz TMA-06M . Ford became Commander of Expedition 34 on november 18, 2012, with the departure from the ISS of the Soyuz TMA-05M spacecraft, which returned the Expeditio ...
#11 Sergey Ryzhikov (cosmonaut)
Sergey Nikolayevich Ryzhikov ( Russian : Сергей Николаевич Рыжиков ; born on 19 August 1974), lieutenant colonel of Russian Air Force , is a Russian cosmonaut , selected in 2006. [1] [2] He is a veteran of two long duration space flights to the ISS. [3] [4] [5] Russian cosmonaut and military officer
- ... 14, 2020, alongside Russian Cosmonaut Sergey Kud-Sverchkov and NASA astronaut Kathleen Rubins . On 18 november 2020, Ryzhikov along with fellow crew member Sergey Kud-Sverchkov conducted their first spacewalk. ...
#12 Mark N. Brown
Mark Neil Brown (born November 18, 1951) is an American engineer , retired colonel in the United States Air Force and former NASA astronaut . Brown spent a total of ten days in space, over two five day missions. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the
- Mark Neil Brown (born november 18, 1951) is an American engineer , retired colonel in the United States Air Force and former NASA astr ...
- ... n needs additional citations for verification . ( November 2020 ) Mark N. Brown Born ( 1951-11-18 ) november 18, 1951 (age 70) Valparaiso, Indiana , U.S. Status Retired Nationality American Other names Mark Neil ...
- ... roup 10 Missions STS-28 , STS-48 Mission insignia Retirement July 1993 PERSONAL DATA Brown was born november 18, 1951, in Valparaiso, Indiana . His recreational interests include fishing , hiking , jogging , all ...
Museum / Museum
#1 Air Zoo
The Air Zoo , founded as the Kalamazoo Aviation History Museum , is an aviation museum and indoor amusement park next to the Kalamazoo-Battle Creek International Airport in Portage , Michigan . [1] The Air Zoo holds many historical and rare aircraft, including the world's fastest air-breathing aircr
- ... to serving as a research and educational facility for this country and abroad." The doors opened on november 18, 1979 [7] and the museum quickly developed into one of the 10 largest nongovernmental aviation museu ...
#2 USS Midway (CV-41)
USS Midway (CVB/CVA/CV-41) is an aircraft carrier , formerly of the United States Navy , the lead ship of her class . Commissioned 8 days after the end of World War II, Midway was the largest ship in the world until 1955, as well as the first U.S. aircraft carrier too big to transit the Panama Canal
- ... ficant American naval presence in the oil-producing region of the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf . On 18 november , the aircraft carrier steamed to the North Arabian Sea in connection with the continuing hostage cr ...
#3 Kjeller Airport
Kjeller Airport ( Norwegian : Kjeller flyplass ; ICAO : ENKJ ) is a military and general aviation airport located in Kjeller in Skedsmo in Viken county , Norway. Situated in the outskirts of Lillestrøm , it is 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) east northeast of Oslo , making it the airport located
- ... o be redone and occasionally sabotage. [51] One of the B-24 Liberators which landed in Örebro after 18 november 1943 raid The first bombing of Kjeller by the Allies was planned for 16 November 1943, but canceled ...
Spacecraft / Spacecraft
#1 HawkSat-1
HawkSat-1 was a single-unit CubeSat which was built and is being operated by the Hawk Institute for Space Sciences (HISS), Pocomoke City, Maryland . It is based on a Pumpkin Inc. CubeSat kit, and carries a technology demonstration payload, primarily as a proof of concept mission, testing command, da
- ... 1 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Krebs, Gunter ( 18 november 2019). "HawkSat-1" . Gunter's Space Page . Retrieved 31 October 2021 .
#2 Progress M1-4
Progress M1-4 , identified by NASA as Progress 2P , was a Progress spacecraft used to resupply the International Space Station . It was a Progress M1 11F615A55 spacecraft, with the serial number 253. [1] Progress M1-4 Progress M1-4 during its first docking with the ISS. Mission type International Sp
- ... ° Period 92.0 minutes Epoch 16 November 2000 Docking with ISS Docking port Zarya nadir Docking date 18 november 2000, 03:47:42 UTC Undocking date 1 December 2000, 16:22:52 UTC Time docked 13 days Docking with IS ...
- ... November 2000. [1] The spacecraft docked with the Nadir port of the Zarya module at 03:47:42 UTC on 18 november . [2] [3] The Kurs docking system failed during docking, and the manual backup, TORU , was used for ...
#3 STS-129
STS-129 ( ISS assembly flight ULF3 ) [2] was a NASA Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS). Atlantis was launched on November 16, 2009 at 14:28 EST , [3] [4] and landed at 09:44 EST on November 27, 2009 on runway 33 at the Kennedy Space Center 's Shuttle Landing Facility. It
- ... n 51.6 degrees Period 91 minutes Docking with ISS Docking port PMA-2 (Harmony forward) Docking date november 18, 2009, 16:51 UTC Undocking date November 25, 2009, 09:53 UTC Time docked 6 days, 17 hours, 2 minutes ...
- ... ck of Atlantis Mission Specialist Randolph Bresnik reading his crew notebook on the aft flight deck 18 november (FLIGHT DAY 3 – DOCKING) STS-129 and ISS crew pictured shortly after the hatch opening Atlantis ' c ...
#4 STS-126
STS-126 was the one hundred and twenty-fourth NASA Space Shuttle mission, and twenty-second orbital flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour (OV-105) to the International Space Station (ISS). [5] The purpose of the mission, referred to as ULF2 by the ISS program, was to deliver equipment and supplies t
- ... rbited the Earth 57,509 times, for a total distance of over 2,100,000,000 km (1.3 × 10 9 mi) . [54] 18 november (FLIGHT DAY 5) The crew lock bag holding tools floats away from the space station during EVA 1. Fol ...
- ... pacewalkers Start ( UTC ) End (UTC) Duration EVA 1 Heidemarie M. Stefanyshyn-Piper Stephen G. Bowen 18 november 2008 18:09 19 November 2008 01:01 6 hours, 52 minutes Transferred an empty nitrogen tank assembly f ...
#5 Progress MS-10
Progress MS-10 ( Russian : Прогресс МC-10 ), identified by NASA as Progress 71P , was a Progress spaceflight operated by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS). This was the 162nd flight of a Progress spacecraft. 2018 Russian resupply spaceflight to the ISS Progress MS-10 Progre
- ... t. 2018 Russian resupply spaceflight to the ISS Progress MS-10 Progress MS-10 approaches the ISS on 18 november 2018 Names Progress 71P Mission type ISS resupply Operator Roscosmos COSPAR ID 2018-091A SATCAT no. ...
- ... em Geocentric Regime Low Earth Inclination 51.66° Docking with ISS Docking port Zvezda Docking date 18 november 2018, 19:31:38 UTC Undocking date 4 June 2019, 08:40 UTC Time docked 198 days Cargo Mass 2564 kg Pr ...
- ... . [6] DOCKING Progress MS-10 docked as scheduled with the aft docking port of the Zvezda module on 18 november 2018 at 19:31:38 UTC. [7] CARGO The Progress MS-10 spacecraft delivered 2,564 kg of cargo and suppl ...
#6 Soyuz TMA-7
Soyuz TMA-7 ( Russian : Союз ТМА-7 ) was a transport mission for portions of the International Space Station (ISS) Expedition 12 crew launched October 1, 2005. The flight delivered ISS Commander William McArthur and ISS Flight Engineer Valery Tokarev to the station to replace Expedition 11 crew memb
- ... ight DOCKING WITH ISS Docked to ISS: October 3, 2005, 05:27 UTC (to Pirs module) Undocked from ISS: november 18, 2005, 08:46 UTC (from Pirs module) Docked to ISS: November 18, 2005, 09:05 UTC (to nadir port of Za ...
- ... (to Pirs module) Undocked from ISS: November 18, 2005, 08:46 UTC (from Pirs module) Docked to ISS: november 18, 2005, 09:05 UTC (to nadir port of Zarya ) Undocked from ISS: March 20, 2006, 06:49 UTC (from nadir ...
- ... nutes Docking with ISS Docking port Pirs nadir Docking date 3 October 2005 05:27 UTC Undocking date 18 november 2005 08:46 UTC Time docked 46d 3h 19m Docking with ISS (Relocation) Docking port Zarya nadir Dockin ...
- ... 8:46 UTC Time docked 46d 3h 19m Docking with ISS (Relocation) Docking port Zarya nadir Docking date 18 november 2005 09:05 UTC Undocking date 20 March 2006 06:49 UTC Time docked 121d 21h 44m Docking with ISS (Re ...
#7 Poisk (ISS module)
Poisk ( Russian : Поиск , lit. ' Search ' ), also known as the Mini-Research Module 2 ( MRM 2 ), Малый исследовательский модуль 2 , or МИМ 2 , is a docking module of the International Space Station . Its original name was Docking Module 2 ( Stykovochniy Otsek 2 , SO-2 ), as it is almost identical
- ... o fly halfway around the orbiting space station and line up with the Poisk module. Since the EVA on november 18, 2020, Poisk has been used for EVAs instead of the decommissioned Pirs Docking Compartment . In futu ...
#8 STS-133
STS-133 ( ISS assembly flight ULF5 ) [6] was the 133rd mission in NASA 's Space Shuttle program ; during the mission, Space Shuttle Discovery docked with the International Space Station . It was Discovery ' s 39th and final mission. The mission launched on 24 February 2011, and landed on 9 March 201
- ... own damage site to facilitate the ongoing repairs and eventually to apply fresh foam insulation. On 18 november , as part of the repairs, technicians installed new sections of metal, called "doublers" because the ...
#9 Explorer 60
Explorer 60 , also called as SAGE ( Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment ) and was the second of the Applications Explorer Missions (AEM), AEM-B ( Applications Explorer Mission-B ), was a NASA scientific satellite launched on 18 February 1979, from Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) by a Scout D-1 la
- ... the data collection was limited to sunset events after June 1979, and was eventually terminated on 18 november 1981. [5] RESULTS Explorer 60 experienced power problems after 15 May 1979. However, the spacecraft ...
#10 Fox-1B
Fox-1B , AO-91 or AMSAT OSCAR 91 [3] is a United States amateur radio satellite . It is a 1U Cubesat , was built by the AMSAT-NA and carries a single-channel transponder for FM radio . The satellite has a whip antenna for the 70 cm and 23 cm bands (uplink), and a second antenna for the 2 m band
- ... g (2.9 lb) Dimensions 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm (3.9 in × 3.9 in × 3.9 in) Start of mission Launch date 18 november 2017, 09:47:36 UTC Rocket Delta II 7920-10C (Delta D378) Launch site Vandenberg , SLC-2W Contractor ...
- ... ssful launch, the satellite was assigned the OSCAR number 91. MISSION The satellite was launched on 18 november 2017, with a Delta II launch vehicle , along with the main payload Joint Polar Satellite System (JP ...
#11 International Space Station
The International Space Station ( ISS ) is the largest modular space station currently in low Earth orbit . It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada). [7] [8] The own
- ... 76] Progress MS No. 451 Uncrewed Soyuz-2.1a Baikonur Site 31/6 Roscosmos Poisk zenith Module SpX-26 18 november 2022 [275] [278] Cargo Dragon C211 Uncrewed Falcon 9 Block 5 Kennedy LC-39A SpaceX Harmony zenith M ...
#12 Prichal (ISS module)
Prichal nodal module also known as Uzlovoy Module or UM ( Russian : Узловой Модуль "Причал" , Nodal Module Berth ) [1] is a Russian spacecraft which is part of the International Space Station (ISS). It was approved in 2011 and was launched on 24 November 2021, at 13:06:35 UTC , atop Progress M-UM ,
- ... both fairing halves, the electrical circuits of the fairing separation system were checked. [24] On 18 november , it was transported to the launch vehicle assembly building at Site 31 for integration with the Soy ...
#13 STS-74
STS-74 was the fourth mission of the US/Russian Shuttle-Mir Program , and the second docking of the Space Shuttle with Mir . Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39A on 12 November 1995. The mission ended 8 days later with the landing of Atlantis back at Kennedy. It
- ... cking with Mir Docking port SO starboard Docking date 15 November 1995, 06:27:38 UTC Undocking date 18 november 1995, 08:15:44 UTC Time docked 3 days, 1 hours, 48 minutes 6 seconds Left to right: Halsell, Camero ...
- ... gy would result in cost and risk reduction for the International Space Station . At 08:15:44 UTC on 18 november , Atlantis undocked from the docking module's bottom androgynous unit, leaving the docking module pe ...
#14 Cygnus NG-16
Cygnus NG-16 , [2] [3] previously known as Cygnus OA-16 , was the sixteenth flight of the Northrop Grumman robotic resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its fifteenth flight to the International Space Station (ISS) under the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-2) contract with NASA . The mission was launched
- ... like the ones China and Russia have recently (around 2021) tested. [15] UNDOCKING AND DEPARTURE On 18 november 2021, SPDM/Dextre grappled STP-H6 from ExPRESS-3 and mounted it onto the external payload attach de ...
#15 GOES-16
GOES-16 , formerly known as GOES-R before reaching geostationary orbit , is the first of the GOES-R series of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) operated by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). GOES-16 serves as the operational geostationary
- ... earlier in 2016 — resulted in another delay of the launch window to 19 November 2016. [82] [83] On 18 november 2016, the mated GOES-R spacecraft and the Atlas V launch vehicle were moved to the launch pad at Sp ...
#16 Lunar Orbiter 2
The 1966 Lunar Orbiter 2 robotic spacecraft mission, part of the Lunar Orbiter Program , was designed primarily to photograph smooth areas of the lunar surface for selection and verification of safe landing sites for the Surveyor and Apollo missions. It was also equipped to collect selenodetic , rad
- ... o 17.5 degrees to provide new data on lunar gravity. The spacecraft acquired photographic data from november 18 to 25, 1966, and readout occurred through December 7, 1966. A total of 609 high-resolution and 208 m ...
#17 NOAA-20
NOAA-20 , designated JPSS-1 prior to launch, is the first of the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's latest generation of U.S. polar-orbiting, non-geosynchronous, environmental satellites called the Joint Polar Satellite System . NOAA-20 was launched on 18 November 2017
- ... hronous, environmental satellites called the Joint Polar Satellite System . NOAA-20 was launched on 18 november 2017 and joined the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership satellite in the same orbit. NOAA-20 ...
- ... Payload mass 578 kg Dimensions 1.3 m x 1.3 m x 4.2 m Power 1932 watts Start of mission Launch date 18 november 2017, 09:47:36 UTC Rocket Delta II 7920-10C (Delta D378) Launch site Vandenberg , SLC-2W Contractor ...
- ... due to a bad reading on the first stage of the launch vehicle. [11] It was delayed a third time to 18 november 2017 due to high winds. [12] NOAA-20 successfully launched on 18 November 2017 at 09:47:36 UTC. [2] ...
- ... s delayed a third time to 18 November 2017 due to high winds. [12] NOAA-20 successfully launched on 18 november 2017 at 09:47:36 UTC. [2] It represented the penultimate, and 99th consecutive successful launch of ...
#18 Progress M-MIM2
Progress M-MIM2 ( Russian : Прогресс М-МИМ2 ), or Progress M-MRM2 , originally designated Progress M-SO2 , [3] was a modified Progress-M 11F615A55, Russian production No. 302, which was used to deliver the Poisk module to the International Space Station . [4] It has the pressurised cargo module remo
- ... 209 mi) Apogee altitude 344 kilometres (214 mi) Inclination 51.6 degrees Period 91.33 minutes Epoch november 18, 2009 [2] Docking with ISS Docking port Zvezda zenith ( Poisk ) Docking date 12 November 2009, 15:41 ...
#19 NOAA-4
NOAA-4 , also known as ITOS-G was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was part of a series of satellites called ITOS, or improved TIROS . [4] NOAA-4 was launched on a Delta rocket on November 15, 1974. The launch carried two other satellites
- ... OSCAR 7 and Intasat . [2] It remained operational for 1463 days until it was deactivated by NOAA on november 18, 1978. NOAA-4 Illustration of an ITOS series satellite Mission type Weather Operator NOAA / NASA COS ...
- ... et Delta 2310 D104 Launch site Vandenberg SLC-2W End of mission Disposal Decommissioned Deactivated november 18, 1978 ( 1978-11-19 ) Orbital parameters Reference system Geocentric Regime Sun-synchronous Perigee a ...
#20 Cosmic Background Explorer
The Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE / ˈ k oʊ b i / KOH -bee ), also referred to as Explorer 66 , was a NASA satellite dedicated to cosmology , which operated from 1989 to 1993. Its goals were to investigate the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB or CMBR) of the universe and provide measure
- ... 3,104 lb) [2] Dimensions 5.49 × 2.44 m (18.0 × 8.0 ft) Power 750 watts Start of mission Launch date 18 november 1989, 14:34 UTC Rocket Delta 5920-8 (Delta 189) Launch site Vandenberg , SLC-2W Contractor Douglas ...
- ... 0-8 (Delta 189) Launch site Vandenberg , SLC-2W Contractor Douglas Aircraft Company Entered service 18 november 1989 End of mission Deactivated 23 December 1993 Orbital parameters Reference system Geocentric orb ...
- ... ophotometer used to measure the spectrum of the CMB John C. Mather Launch of the COBE spacecraft on 18 november 1989. NASA accepted the proposal provided that the costs be kept under US$30 million, excluding lau ...
- ... companies to launch COBE, and eventually a redesigned COBE was placed into Sun-synchronous orbit on 18 november 1989 aboard a Delta launch vehicle. A team of American scientists announced, on 23 April 1992, that ...