Pioneer Venus Orbiter - Spacecraft

cosmos.wikisort.org - Spacecraft

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter, also known as Pioneer Venus 1 or Pioneer 12, was a mission to Venus conducted by the United States as part of the Pioneer Venus project. Launched in May 1978 atop an Atlas-Centaur rocket, the spacecraft was inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978. It returned data on Venus until October 1992.[1][3]

Pioneer Venus Orbiter
Spacecraft properties
Pioneer Venus Orbiter

Mission type	Venus orbiter
Operator	NASA / ARC
COSPAR ID	1978-051A
SATCAT no.	10911
Website	Pioneer Venus at NASA
Mission duration	14 years, 4 months, 18 days (from launch) 13 years, 10 months, 4 days (at Venus)


Bus	HS-507
Manufacturer	Hughes
Launch mass	582 kg (1,283 lb)
Dry mass	517 kg (1,140 lb)
Dimensions	2.5 × 1.2 m (8.2 × 3.9 ft)
Power	312 watts


Start of mission
Launch date	May 20, 1978, 13:13:00 (1978-05-20UTC13:13Z) UTC
Rocket	Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR
Launch site	Cape Canaveral LC-36A


End of mission
Last contact	October 8, 1992, 19:22 (1992-10-08UTC19:23Z) UTC
Decay date	October 22, 1992[1]


Orbital parameters
Reference system	Cytherocentric
Semi-major axis	33,405.8 kilometres (20,757.4 mi)
Eccentricity	0.842
Pericytherion altitude	181.6 kilometers (112.8 mi)
Apocytherion altitude	66,630 kilometers (41,400 mi)
Inclination	105 degrees
Period	24 hours
Epoch	22 November 1979, 11:53:20 UTC[2]


Venus orbiter
Orbital insertion	December 4, 1978

Pioneer (Pioneer Venus) ← Pioneer 11 Pioneer 13 →

Launch and arrival at Venus

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter was launched by an Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR rocket, which flew from Launch Complex 36A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch occurred at 13:13:00 on May 20, 1978, and deployed the Orbiter into heliocentric orbit for its coast to Venus. Venus orbit insertion occurred on December 4, 1978.

Spacecraft

Manufactured by Hughes Aircraft Company, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter was based on the HS-507 bus.[4] The spacecraft was a flat cylinder, 2.5 meters (8.2 ft) in diameter and 1.2 meters (3.9 ft) long. All instruments and spacecraft subsystems were mounted on the forward end of the cylinder, except the magnetometer, which was at the end of a 4.7 meters (15 ft) boom. A solar array extended around the circumference of the cylinder. A 1.09 metres (3 ft 7 in) despun dish antenna provided S and X band communication with Earth. A Star-24 solid rocket motor was integrated into the spacecraft to provide the thrust to enter orbit around Venus.[4]

From Venus orbit insertion to July 1980, periapsis was held between 142 and 253 kilometres (88 and 157 mi) (at 17 degrees north latitude) to facilitate radar and ionospheric measurements. The spacecraft was in a 24-hour orbit with an apoapsis of 66,900 kilometers (41,600 mi). Thereafter, the periapsis was allowed to rise to a maximum of 2,290 kilometres (1,420 mi) and then fall, to conserve fuel.

In 1991, the Radar Mapper was reactivated to investigate previously inaccessible southern portions of the planet, in conjunction with the recently arrived Magellan spacecraft. In May 1992, Pioneer Venus began the final phase of its mission, in which the periapsis was held between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi), until the spacecraft's propellant was exhausted, after which the orbit decayed naturally. The spacecraft continued to return data until 8 October 1992, with the last signals being received at 19:22 UTC.[3] The Pioneer Venus Orbiter disintegrated upon entering the atmosphere of Venus on October 22, 1992.[1]

Experiments

The Pioneer Venus Orbiter carried 17 experiments with a total mass of 45 kilograms (99 lb):[5]

a cloud photo-polarimeter (OCPP) to measure the vertical distribution of the clouds, similar to Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 imaging photo-polarimeter (IPP)
a surface radar mapper (ORAD) to determine topography and surface characteristics. Observations could only be conducted when the probe was closer than 4700 km over the planet. A 20 watt S-band signal (1.757 gigahertz) was sent to the surface that reflected it, with the probe analyzing the echo. Resolution at periapsis was 23 x 7 km.
an infrared radiometer (OIR) to measure IR emissions from Venus' atmosphere
an airglow ultraviolet spectrometer (OUVS) to measure scattered and emitted UV light
a neutral mass spectrometer (ONMS) to determine the composition of the upper atmosphere
a solar wind plasma analyzer (OPA) to measure properties of the solar wind
a magnetometer (OMAG) to characterize the magnetic field at Venus
an electric field detector (OEFD) to study the solar wind and its interactions
an electron temperature (OETP) to study the thermal properties of the ionosphere
an ion mass spectrometer (OIMS) to characterize the ionospheric ion population
a charged particle retarding potential analyzer (ORPA) to study ionospheric particles
two radio science experiments to determine the gravity field of Venus
a radio occultation experiment to characterize the atmosphere
an atmospheric drag experiment to study the upper atmosphere
a radio science atmospheric and solar wind turbulence experiment
a gamma ray burst (OGBD) detector to record gamma ray burst events

Orbit of the spacecraft Pioneer Venus Orbiter.

Synthesis of the instruments
Name	Complete designation	Type	Manufacturer	Responsible scientist	Mass	Electrical consumption
OCPP	Orbiter Cloud Photopolarimeter	Photo polarimeter	GISS	J. Hansen	5 kg (11 lb)	5.4 W
ORAD	Orbiter Radar Mapper Instrument	Radar	MIT	G. Pettengill	9 kg (20 lb)	18 W
OIR	Orbiter Infrared Radiometer	Infrared radiometer	JPL	F. Taylor	5.9 kg (13 lb)	5.2 W
OUVS	Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer	Ultraviolet spectrometer	LASP	A.I.F. Stewart	3.1 kg (6.8 lb)	1.7 W
ONMS	Orbiter Neutral Mass Spectrometer	Neutral mass spectrometer	GSFC	H. Neimann	3.8 kg (8.4 lb)	12 W
OPA	Orbiter Plasma Analyzer	Analzer plasma	ARC	J. Wolfe	3.9 kg (8.6 lb)	5 W
OMAG	Orbiter Magnetometer	Magnetometer	UCLA	C. Russell	2 kg (4.4 lb)	2.2 W
OEFD	Orbiter Electric Field Detector	Measure the electric fields of Venus	TRW	F. Scarf	0.8 kg (1.8 lb)	0.7 W
OETP	Orbiter Electron Temperature Probe	Electron temperature gauge	GSFC	L. Brace	2.2 kg (4.9 lb)	4.8 W
OIMS	Orbiter Ion Mass Spectrometer	Ion mass spectrometer	GSFC	H. Taylor	3 kg (6.6 lb)	1.5 W
ORPA	Orbiter Retarding Potential Analyzer	Ion charge meter	LPARL	W. Knudsen	2.8 kg (6.2 lb)	2.4 W
OGBD	Orbiter Gamma-Ray Burst Detector	Gamma-ray burst detector	LASL	W. Evans	2.8 kg (6.2 lb)	1.3 W
-	Venus (ORO)	Radio science	-	A. Kliore (JPL)	–	-
	Orbiter Dual-Frequency Experiments (OGPE)		-	T. Croft (SRI)
	Atmospheric and Solar Wind Turbulence Experiment (OTUR)		-	T. Croft (JPL)
	Orbiter Atmospheric Drag Expe "nment (OAD)		-	G. Keating (LRC)
	Orbiter Internal Density Distribution Experiment (OIDD)		-	R. Phillips (JPL)
	Orbiter Celestial Mechanics Experiment (OCM)		-	I. Shapiro (MIT)
LASP: Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (University of Boulder, Colorado); UCLA: University of California in Los Angeles; JPL: Jet Propulsion Laboratory; MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology; GSFC: Goddard Space Flight Center GISS: Goddard Institute for Space Studies; LRC: Langley Research Center; ARC: Ames Research Center; LASL: Los Alamos National Laboratory; SRI: Stanford Research Institute

The spacecraft conducted radar altimetry observations allowing the first global topographic map of the Venusian surface to be constructed.

Observations of Halley's Comet

From its orbit of Venus, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter was able to observe Halley's Comet when it was unobservable from Earth due to its proximity to the sun during February 1986. UV spectrometer observations monitored the loss of water from the comet's nucleus at perihelion on February 9.[6]

References

McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Archived from the original on 2003-10-11.
"NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
"Pioneer Venus 1". Solar System Exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
Krebs, Gunter. "Pioneer 12 (Pioneer Venus Orbiter, PVO)". Gunter's Space Page. Archived from the original on 2005-01-12.
"Pioneer Venus Project Information". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
Russell, C.T.; Luhmann, J.G.; Scarf, F.L. (1985). "Pioneer Venus Observations during Comet Halley's Inferior Conjunction" (PDF). University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2013-08-16.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pioneer Venus 1.

Science Magazine in year 1979 issue 4401

Donahue, T. M. (6 July 1979). "Pioneer Venus Results: An Overview". Science. 205 (4401): 41–44. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...41D. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.41. JSTOR 1748508. PMID 17778895. S2CID 1600807.
Colin, Lawrence (6 July 1979). "Encounter with Venus: An Update". Science. 205 (4401): 44–46. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...44C. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.44. JSTOR 1748509. PMID 17778896. S2CID 26297893.
Seiff, Alvin; Kirk, Donn B.; Young, Richard E.; Sommer, Simon C.; Blanchard, Robert C.; Findlay, John T.; Kelly, G. M. (6 July 1979). "Thermal Contrast in the Atmosphere of Venus: Initial Appraisal from Pioneer Venus Probe Data". Science. 205 (4401): 46–49. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...46S. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.46. JSTOR 1748510. PMID 17778897. S2CID 24774892.
Hoffman, J. H.; Hodges, R. R.; McElroy, M. B.; Donahue, T. M.; Kolpin, M. (6 July 1979). "Composition and Structure of the Venus Atmosphere: Results from Pioneer Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 49–52. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...49H. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.49. JSTOR 1748511. PMID 17778898. S2CID 20713222.
Oyama, V. I.; Carle, G. C.; Woeller, F.; Pollack, J. B. (6 July 1979). "Laboratory Corroboration of the Pioneer Venus Gas Chromatograph Analyses". Science. 205 (4401): 52–54. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...52O. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.52. JSTOR 1748512. PMID 17778899. S2CID 40293580.
Niemann, H. B.; Hartle, R. E.; Hedin, A. E.; Kasprzak, W. T.; Spencer, N. W.; Hunten, D. M.; Carignan, G. R. (6 July 1979). "Venus Upper Atmosphere Neutral Gas Composition: First Observations of the Diurnal Variations". Science. 205 (4401): 54–56. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...54N. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.54. JSTOR 1748513. PMID 17778900. S2CID 21839920.
Pollack, James B.; Black, David C. (6 July 1979). "Implications of the Gas Compositional Measurements of Pioneer Venus for the Origin of Planetary Atmospheres". Science. 205 (4401): 56–59. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...56P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.56. JSTOR 1748514. PMID 17778901. S2CID 13281057.
Stewart, A. Ian; Barth, Charles A. (6 July 1979). "Ultraviolet Night Airglow of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 59–62. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...59S. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.59. JSTOR 1748515. PMID 17778902. S2CID 12841902.
Keating, G. M.; Taylor, F. W.; Nicholson, J. Y.; Hinson, E. W. (6 July 1979). "Short-Term Cyclic Variations and Diurnal Variations of the Venus Upper Atmosphere". Science. 205 (4401): 62–64. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...62K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.62. JSTOR 1748516. PMID 17778903. S2CID 23057356.
Taylor, F. W.; Diner, D. J.; Elson, L. S.; McCleese, D. J.; Martonchik, J. V.; Delderfield, J.; Bradley, S. P.; Schofield, J. T.; Gille, J. C.; Coffey, M. T. (6 July 1979). "Temperature, Cloud Structure, and Dynamics of Venus Middle Atmosphere by Infrared Remote Sensing from Pioneer Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 65–67. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...65T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.65. JSTOR 1748517. PMID 17778904. S2CID 2023608.
Blamont, Jacques; Ragent, Boris (6 July 1979). "Further Results of the Pioneer Venus Nephelometer Experiment". Science. 205 (4401): 67–70. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...67B. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.67. JSTOR 1748518. PMID 17778905. S2CID 19155512.
Knollenberg, Robert G.; Hunten, D. M. (6 July 1979). "Clouds of Venus: A Preliminary Assessment of Microstructure". Science. 205 (4401): 70–74. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...70K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.70. JSTOR 1748519. PMID 17778906. S2CID 36125836.
Travis, L. D.; Coffeen, D. L.; Del Genio, A. D.; Hansen, J. E.; Kawabata, K.; Lacis, A. A.; Lane, W. A.; Limaye, S. S.; Rossow, W. B.; Stone, P. H. (6 July 1979). "Cloud Images from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 74–76. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...74T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.74. JSTOR 1748520. PMID 17778907. S2CID 43906539.
Pollack, James B.; Ragent, Boris; Boese, Robert; Tomasko, Martin G.; Blamont, Jacques; Knollenberg, Robert G.; Esposito, Larry W.; Stewart, A. Ian; Travis, Lawrence (6 July 1979). "Nature of the Ultraviolet Absorber in the Venus Clouds: Inferences Based on Pioneer Venus Data". Science. 205 (4401): 76–79. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...76P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.76. JSTOR 1748521. PMID 17778908. S2CID 28250903.
Tomasko, Martin G.; Doose, Lyn R.; Smith, Peter H. (6 July 1979). "Absorption of Sunlight in the Atmosphere of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 80–82. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...80T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.80. hdl:2060/19830010359. JSTOR 1748522. PMID 17778909. S2CID 35649934.
Suomi, V. E.; Sromovsky, L. A.; Revercomb, H. E. (6 July 1979). "Preliminary Results of the Pioneer Venus Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer Experiment". Science. 205 (4401): 82–85. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...82S. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.82. JSTOR 1748523. PMID 17778910. S2CID 22181310.
Counselman, C. C.; Gourevitch, S. A.; King, R. W.; Loriot, G. B.; Prinn, R. G. (6 July 1979). "Venus Winds Are Zonal and Retrograde Below the Clouds". Science. 205 (4401): 85–87. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...85C. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.85. JSTOR 1748524. PMID 17778911. S2CID 39737494.
Woo, Richard; Armstrong, J. W.; Kendall, William B. (6 July 1979). "Measurements of Turbulence in the Venus Atmosphere Deduced from Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Radio Scintillations". Science. 205 (4401): 87–89. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...87W. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.87. JSTOR 1748525. PMID 17778912. S2CID 10233431.
Pettengill, Gordon H.; Ford, Peter G.; Brown, Walter E.; Kaula, William M.; Masursky, Harold; Eliason, Eric; McGill, George E. (6 July 1979). "Venus: Preliminary Topographic and Surface Imaging Results from the Pioneer Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 90–93. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...90P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.90. JSTOR 1748526. PMID 17778913. S2CID 12582229.
Phillips, Roger J.; Sjogren, William L.; Abbott, Elsa A.; Smith, John C.; Wimberly, Ray N.; Wagner, Cari A. (6 July 1979). "Gravity Field of Venus: A Preliminary Analysis". Science. 205 (4401): 93–96. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...93P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.93. JSTOR 1748527. PMID 17778914. S2CID 21557337.
Taylor, Harry A.; Brinton, Henry C.; Bauer, Siegfried J.; Hartle, Richard E.; Cloutier, Paul A.; Daniell, Robert E.; Donahue, Thomas M. (6 July 1979). "Ionosphere of Venus: First Observations of Day-Night Variations of the Ion Composition". Science. 205 (4401): 96–99. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...96T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.96. JSTOR 1748528. PMID 17778915. S2CID 11269827.
Kliore, A. J.; Patel, I. R.; Nagy, A. F.; Cravens, T. E.; Gombosi, T. I. (6 July 1979). "Initial Observations of the Nightside Ionosphere of Venus from Pioneer Venus Orbiter Radio Occultations". Science. 205 (4401): 99–102. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...99K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.99. JSTOR 1748529. PMID 17778916. S2CID 10322619.
Brace, L. H.; Theis, R. F.; Niemann, H. B.; Mayr, H. G.; Hoegy, W. R.; Nagy, A. F. (6 July 1979). "Empirical Models of the Electron Temperature and Density in the Nightside Venus Ionosphere". Science. 205 (4401): 102–105. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..102B. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.102. JSTOR 1748530. PMID 17778917. S2CID 25337442.
Knudsen, W. C.; Spenner, K.; Whitten, R. C.; Spreiter, J. R.; Miller, K. L.; Novak, V. (6 July 1979). "Thermal Structure and Energy Influx to the Day- and Nightside Venus Ionosphere". Science. 205 (4401): 105–107. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..105K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.105. JSTOR 1748531. PMID 17778918. S2CID 26084728.
Nagy, A. F.; Cravens, T. E.; Chen, R. H.; Taylor, H. A.; Brace, L. H.; Brinton, H. C. (6 July 1979). "Comparison of Calculated and Measured Ion Densities on the Dayside of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 107–109. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..107N. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.107. JSTOR 1748532. PMID 17778919. S2CID 28832064.
Bauer, Siegfried J.; Donahue, Thomas M.; Hartle, Richard E.; Taylor, Harry A. (6 July 1979). "Venus Ionosphere: Photochemical and Thermal Diffusion Control of Ion Composition". Science. 205 (4401): 109–112. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..109B. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.109. JSTOR 1748533. PMID 17778920. S2CID 32579568.
Taylor, W. W. L.; Scarf, F. L.; Russell, C. T.; Brace, L. H. (6 July 1979). "Absorption of Whistler Mode Waves in the Ionosphere of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 112–114. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..112T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.112. JSTOR 1748534. PMID 17778921. S2CID 45428203.
Russell, C. T.; Elphic, R. C.; Slavin, J. A. (6 July 1979). "Initial Pioneer Venus Magnetic Field Results: Nightside Observations". Science. 205 (4401): 114–116. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..114R. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.114. JSTOR 1748535. PMID 17778922. S2CID 24494352.
Intriligator, D. S.; Collard, H. R.; Mihalov, J. D.; Whitten, R. C.; Wolfe, J. H. (6 July 1979). "Electron Observations and Ion Flows from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Plasma Analyzer Experiment". Science. 205 (4401): 116–119. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..116I. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.116. JSTOR 1748536. PMID 17778923. S2CID 42935022.
Evans, W. D.; Glore, J. P.; Klebesadel, R. W.; Laros, J. G.; Tech, E. R.; Spalding, R. E. (6 July 1979). "Gamma-Ray Burst Observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 119–121. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..119E. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.119. JSTOR 1748537. PMID 17778924. S2CID 38916824.
Donahue, T. M. (6 July 1979). "Pioneer Venus Results: An Overview". Science. 205 (4401): 41–44. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...41D. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.41. JSTOR 1748508. PMID 17778895. S2CID 1600807.
Colin, Lawrence (6 July 1979). "Encounter with Venus: An Update". Science. 205 (4401): 44–46. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...44C. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.44. JSTOR 1748509. PMID 17778896. S2CID 26297893.
Seiff, Alvin; Kirk, Donn B.; Young, Richard E.; Sommer, Simon C.; Blanchard, Robert C.; Findlay, John T.; Kelly, G. M. (6 July 1979). "Thermal Contrast in the Atmosphere of Venus: Initial Appraisal from Pioneer Venus Probe Data". Science. 205 (4401): 46–49. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...46S. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.46. JSTOR 1748510. PMID 17778897. S2CID 24774892.
Hoffman, J. H.; Hodges, R. R.; McElroy, M. B.; Donahue, T. M.; Kolpin, M. (6 July 1979). "Composition and Structure of the Venus Atmosphere: Results from Pioneer Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 49–52. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...49H. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.49. JSTOR 1748511. PMID 17778898. S2CID 20713222.
Oyama, V. I.; Carle, G. C.; Woeller, F.; Pollack, J. B. (6 July 1979). "Laboratory Corroboration of the Pioneer Venus Gas Chromatograph Analyses". Science. 205 (4401): 52–54. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...52O. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.52. JSTOR 1748512. PMID 17778899. S2CID 40293580.
Niemann, H. B.; Hartle, R. E.; Hedin, A. E.; Kasprzak, W. T.; Spencer, N. W.; Hunten, D. M.; Carignan, G. R. (6 July 1979). "Venus Upper Atmosphere Neutral Gas Composition: First Observations of the Diurnal Variations". Science. 205 (4401): 54–56. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...54N. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.54. JSTOR 1748513. PMID 17778900. S2CID 21839920.
Pollack, James B.; Black, David C. (6 July 1979). "Implications of the Gas Compositional Measurements of Pioneer Venus for the Origin of Planetary Atmospheres". Science. 205 (4401): 56–59. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...56P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.56. JSTOR 1748514. PMID 17778901. S2CID 13281057.
Stewart, A. Ian; Barth, Charles A. (6 July 1979). "Ultraviolet Night Airglow of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 59–62. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...59S. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.59. JSTOR 1748515. PMID 17778902. S2CID 12841902.
Keating, G. M.; Taylor, F. W.; Nicholson, J. Y.; Hinson, E. W. (6 July 1979). "Short-Term Cyclic Variations and Diurnal Variations of the Venus Upper Atmosphere". Science. 205 (4401): 62–64. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...62K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.62. JSTOR 1748516. PMID 17778903. S2CID 23057356.
Taylor, F. W.; Diner, D. J.; Elson, L. S.; McCleese, D. J.; Martonchik, J. V.; Delderfield, J.; Bradley, S. P.; Schofield, J. T.; Gille, J. C.; Coffey, M. T. (6 July 1979). "Temperature, Cloud Structure, and Dynamics of Venus Middle Atmosphere by Infrared Remote Sensing from Pioneer Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 65–67. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...65T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.65. JSTOR 1748517. PMID 17778904. S2CID 2023608.
Blamont, Jacques; Ragent, Boris (6 July 1979). "Further Results of the Pioneer Venus Nephelometer Experiment". Science. 205 (4401): 67–70. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...67B. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.67. JSTOR 1748518. PMID 17778905. S2CID 19155512.
Knollenberg, Robert G.; Hunten, D. M. (6 July 1979). "Clouds of Venus: A Preliminary Assessment of Microstructure". Science. 205 (4401): 70–74. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...70K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.70. JSTOR 1748519. PMID 17778906. S2CID 36125836.
Travis, L. D.; Coffeen, D. L.; Del Genio, A. D.; Hansen, J. E.; Kawabata, K.; Lacis, A. A.; Lane, W. A.; Limaye, S. S.; Rossow, W. B.; Stone, P. H. (6 July 1979). "Cloud Images from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 74–76. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...74T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.74. JSTOR 1748520. PMID 17778907. S2CID 43906539.
Pollack, James B.; Ragent, Boris; Boese, Robert; Tomasko, Martin G.; Blamont, Jacques; Knollenberg, Robert G.; Esposito, Larry W.; Stewart, A. Ian; Travis, Lawrence (6 July 1979). "Nature of the Ultraviolet Absorber in the Venus Clouds: Inferences Based on Pioneer Venus Data". Science. 205 (4401): 76–79. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...76P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.76. JSTOR 1748521. PMID 17778908. S2CID 28250903.
Tomasko, Martin G.; Doose, Lyn R.; Smith, Peter H. (6 July 1979). "Absorption of Sunlight in the Atmosphere of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 80–82. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...80T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.80. hdl:2060/19830010359. JSTOR 1748522. PMID 17778909. S2CID 35649934.
Suomi, V. E.; Sromovsky, L. A.; Revercomb, H. E. (6 July 1979). "Preliminary Results of the Pioneer Venus Small Probe Net Flux Radiometer Experiment". Science. 205 (4401): 82–85. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...82S. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.82. JSTOR 1748523. PMID 17778910. S2CID 22181310.
Counselman, C. C.; Gourevitch, S. A.; King, R. W.; Loriot, G. B.; Prinn, R. G. (6 July 1979). "Venus Winds Are Zonal and Retrograde Below the Clouds". Science. 205 (4401): 85–87. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...85C. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.85. JSTOR 1748524. PMID 17778911. S2CID 39737494.
Woo, Richard; Armstrong, J. W.; Kendall, William B. (6 July 1979). "Measurements of Turbulence in the Venus Atmosphere Deduced from Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Radio Scintillations". Science. 205 (4401): 87–89. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...87W. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.87. JSTOR 1748525. PMID 17778912. S2CID 10233431.
Pettengill, Gordon H.; Ford, Peter G.; Brown, Walter E.; Kaula, William M.; Masursky, Harold; Eliason, Eric; McGill, George E. (6 July 1979). "Venus: Preliminary Topographic and Surface Imaging Results from the Pioneer Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 90–93. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...90P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.90. JSTOR 1748526. PMID 17778913. S2CID 12582229.
Phillips, Roger J.; Sjogren, William L.; Abbott, Elsa A.; Smith, John C.; Wimberly, Ray N.; Wagner, Cari A. (6 July 1979). "Gravity Field of Venus: A Preliminary Analysis". Science. 205 (4401): 93–96. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...93P. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.93. JSTOR 1748527. PMID 17778914. S2CID 21557337.
Taylor, Harry A.; Brinton, Henry C.; Bauer, Siegfried J.; Hartle, Richard E.; Cloutier, Paul A.; Daniell, Robert E.; Donahue, Thomas M. (6 July 1979). "Ionosphere of Venus: First Observations of Day-Night Variations of the Ion Composition". Science. 205 (4401): 96–99. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...96T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.96. JSTOR 1748528. PMID 17778915. S2CID 11269827.
Kliore, A. J.; Patel, I. R.; Nagy, A. F.; Cravens, T. E.; Gombosi, T. I. (6 July 1979). "Initial Observations of the Nightside Ionosphere of Venus from Pioneer Venus Orbiter Radio Occultations". Science. 205 (4401): 99–102. Bibcode:1979Sci...205...99K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.99. JSTOR 1748529. PMID 17778916. S2CID 10322619.
Brace, L. H.; Theis, R. F.; Niemann, H. B.; Mayr, H. G.; Hoegy, W. R.; Nagy, A. F. (6 July 1979). "Empirical Models of the Electron Temperature and Density in the Nightside Venus Ionosphere". Science. 205 (4401): 102–105. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..102B. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.102. JSTOR 1748530. PMID 17778917. S2CID 25337442.
Knudsen, W. C.; Spenner, K.; Whitten, R. C.; Spreiter, J. R.; Miller, K. L.; Novak, V. (6 July 1979). "Thermal Structure and Energy Influx to the Day- and Nightside Venus Ionosphere". Science. 205 (4401): 105–107. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..105K. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.105. JSTOR 1748531. PMID 17778918. S2CID 26084728.
Nagy, A. F.; Cravens, T. E.; Chen, R. H.; Taylor, H. A.; Brace, L. H.; Brinton, H. C. (6 July 1979). "Comparison of Calculated and Measured Ion Densities on the Dayside of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 107–109. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..107N. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.107. JSTOR 1748532. PMID 17778919. S2CID 28832064.
Bauer, Siegfried J.; Donahue, Thomas M.; Hartle, Richard E.; Taylor, Harry A. (6 July 1979). "Venus Ionosphere: Photochemical and Thermal Diffusion Control of Ion Composition". Science. 205 (4401): 109–112. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..109B. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.109. JSTOR 1748533. PMID 17778920. S2CID 32579568.
Taylor, W. W. L.; Scarf, F. L.; Russell, C. T.; Brace, L. H. (6 July 1979). "Absorption of Whistler Mode Waves in the Ionosphere of Venus". Science. 205 (4401): 112–114. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..112T. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.112. JSTOR 1748534. PMID 17778921. S2CID 45428203.
Russell, C. T.; Elphic, R. C.; Slavin, J. A. (6 July 1979). "Initial Pioneer Venus Magnetic Field Results: Nightside Observations". Science. 205 (4401): 114–116. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..114R. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.114. JSTOR 1748535. PMID 17778922. S2CID 24494352.
Intriligator, D. S.; Collard, H. R.; Mihalov, J. D.; Whitten, R. C.; Wolfe, J. H. (6 July 1979). "Electron Observations and Ion Flows from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Plasma Analyzer Experiment". Science. 205 (4401): 116–119. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..116I. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.116. JSTOR 1748536. PMID 17778923. S2CID 42935022.
Evans, W. D.; Glore, J. P.; Klebesadel, R. W.; Laros, J. G.; Tech, E. R.; Spalding, R. E. (6 July 1979). "Gamma-Ray Burst Observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter". Science. 205 (4401): 119–121. Bibcode:1979Sci...205..119E. doi:10.1126/science.205.4401.119. JSTOR 1748537. PMID 17778924. S2CID 38916824.

v t e Pioneer program
Early missions	Pioneer 0 Pioneer 1 Pioneer 2 Pioneer 3 Pioneer 4 Pioneer P-1 (W) Pioneer P-3 (X) Pioneer P-30 (Y) Pioneer P-31 (Z) Pioneer 5 (P-2)	Pioneer 11 at Saturn
Later missions	Pioneer 6 Pioneer 7 Pioneer 8 Pioneer 9 Pioneer E Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Pioneer H
Venus missions	Pioneer Venus project Pioneer Venus Orbiter Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
See also	Pioneer plaque Eric Burgess Carl Sagan Frank Drake Linda Salzman Sagan Pioneer anomaly

Spacecraft missions to Venus

Active missions

Orbiters	Akatsuki
Flybys	Parker Solar Probe (en route) BepiColombo (en route) Solar Orbiter (en route)

Past missions

Orbiters	Magellan Pioneer Venus Orbiter Venera 9 10 15 16 Venus Express
Flybys	Venera 1^† Mariner 2 Zond 1^† Venera 2^† Mariner 5 10 Venera 11 12 13 14 Vega 1 2 Galileo Cassini–Huygens MESSENGER IKAROS Shin-en^†
Descent probes	Venera 3^† 4 5 6 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
Landers	Venera 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Vega 1 2 Pioneer Venus Small Probes
Balloon probes	Vega 1 2
Failed launches	Tyazhely Sputnik Mariner 1 2MV-1 No.1 2MV-1 No.2 2MV-2 No.1 Kosmos 21 3MV-1 No.2 Kosmos 27 96 167 482

Planned missions

Orbiters	VERITAS (2028) EnVision (2031)
Flybys	Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2023) Dragonfly (2027)
Descent probes	DAVINCI (2029)

Proposed missions

Venus missions	AREE CUVE HAVOC HOVER Shukrayaan-1 VAMP Venera-D VICI VISAGE VISE VOX Zephyr
Flybys	Europa Clipper Mercury-P Laplace-P NASA Uranus orbiter and probe

Cancelled / concepts

European Venus Explorer
Inspiration Mars
TMK-Mavr
Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
Vesta

Program overviews

Venera
- 3MV
Mariner
Pioneer Venus
Vega

Colonization
Observations and explorations
List of artificial objects on Venus
List of missions
Manned Venus flyby
Terraforming
VeSpR

Missions are ordered by launch date. ^† indicates failure en route or before any data returned.

NASA

Policy and history

History
(creation)

NACA (1915)
National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958)
Space Task Group (1958)
Paine (1986)
Rogers (1986)
Ride (1987)
Space Exploration Initiative (1989)
Augustine (1990)
U.S. National Space Policy (1996)
CFUSAI (2002)
CAIB (2003)
Vision for Space Exploration (2004)
Aldridge (2004)
Augustine (2009)

General

Space Race
Administrator and Deputy Administrator
Chief Scientist
Astronaut Corps
- Ranks and positions
- Chief
Budget
NASA research
- spinoff technologies
NASA TV
NASA Social
Launch Services Program
Mercury Control Center
Manned Space Flight Network
Kennedy Space Center
- Vehicle Assembly Building
- Launch Complex 39
- Launch Complex 48
- Launch Control Center
- Operations and Checkout Building
Johnson Space Center
- Mission Control
- Lunar Sample Laboratory

Human spaceflight
programs

Past	X-15 (suborbital) Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Apollo–Soyuz (with the Soviet space program) Space Shuttle Shuttle–Mir (with Roscosmos State Corporation) Constellation
Current	International Space Station Commercial Orbital Transportation Services Commercial Crew Orion Artemis Lunar Gateway

Robotic programs

Past	Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Viking Project Prometheus Mars Exploration Mars Exploration Rover
Current	Living With a Star Lunar Precursor Robotic Program Earth Observing System Great Observatories program Explorers Voyager Discovery New Frontiers Solar Terrestrial Probes Commercial Lunar Payload Services SIMPLEx

Individual featured
missions
(human and robotic)

Past	COBE Mercury 3 Mercury-Atlas 6 Magellan Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Galileo timeline GALEX GRAIL WMAP Space Shuttle Spitzer Space Telescope Sojourner rover Spirit rover LADEE MESSENGER Aquarius Cassini Dawn Kepler space telescope Opportunity rover timeline observed RHESSI
Currently operating	Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2001 Mars Odyssey New Horizons International Space Station Hubble Space Telescope Swift THEMIS Mars Exploration Rover Curiosity rover timeline InSight GOES 14 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter GOES 15 Van Allen Probes Solar Dynamics Observatory Juno Mars Science Laboratory timeline NuSTAR Voyager 1 Voyager 2 WISE MAVEN MMS OSIRIS-REx Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Mars 2020 Perseverance rover Ingenuity helicopter timeline James Webb Space Telescope timeline
Future	Joint Polar Satellite System NISAR Europa Clipper Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope

Communications
and navigation

Near Earth Network
Space Network
Deep Space Network (Goldstone
Madrid
Canberra
Space Flight Operations Facility)
Deep Space Atomic Clock

NASA lists

Astronauts
- by name
- by year
- Gemini astronauts
- Apollo astronauts
- Space Shuttle crews
NASA aircraft
NASA missions
- uncrewed missions
- Apollo missions
- Space Shuttle missions
United States rockets
NASA cancellations
NASA cameras on spacecraft

NASA images
and artwork

Earthrise
The Blue Marble
Family Portrait
- Pale Blue Dot
Pillars of Creation
Mystic Mountain
Solar System Family Portrait
The Day the Earth Smiled
Fallen Astronaut
Deep fields
Lunar plaques
Pioneer plaques
Voyager Golden Record
Apollo 11 goodwill messages
NASA insignia
Gemini and Apollo medallions
Mission patches
Hubble anniversary images

"We choose to go to the Moon"
Apollo 8 Genesis reading
Apollo 15 postal covers incident
Space Mirror Memorial
The Astronaut Monument
Lunar sample displays
U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
Space program on U.S. stamps
Apollo 17 Moon mice
Moon tree
Other primates in space
NASA International Space Apps Challenge
Astronauts Day

Category
Commons

← 1977 · Orbital launches in 1978 · 1979 →

Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).

На других языках

- [en] Pioneer Venus Orbiter

[ru] Пионер-Венера-1

Пионер-Венера-1 — космический аппарат НАСА, запущенный 20 мая 1978 года с целью изучения Венеры. Проработал до августа 1992 года и осуществлял, в частности, радиолокационное картографирование планеты. Официальное название аппарата — Pioneer Venus Orbiter, в документах НАСА он фигурировал также в качестве Pioneer Venus 1 и Pioneer 12.

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