cosmos.wikisort.org - SpacecraftVesta was a planned multiple-asteroid-flyby mission that the Soviet Union assessed in the 1980s.
Vesta |
Operator | IKI |
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COSPAR ID |  |
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Launch mass | ~2,000 kg (4,400 lb) including 500 kg (1,100 lb) penetrator |
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Power | 350 W |
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Launch date | 1994 (proposed) |
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Closest approach | proposed |
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Closest approach | various dates and bodies proposed |
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Impact date | various dates and bodies proposed |
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The Vesta mission would have consisted of two identical probes (just like earlier Soviet Venus missions), to be launched in 1991. Similar to the Vega program, each spacecraft would deploy one or more landers or balloons into the Venusian atmosphere, and then proceed to its next target.
At Venus, a French satellite dedicated to asteroid flybys would be released. It would return for an Earth gravity assist, and then reach about 3–3.3 au from the Sun. There they would fly by some smaller asteroids, and Vesta, if possible, with a small probe landing there.
The exact targets would depend on the launch date. In the initial 1985 study, 2700 possible trajectories were analyzed for a launch date in 1991/1992. Considering all constraints, about 12 candidate trajectories were selected. The two identical spacecraft could have different trajectories and targets. These included 5 Astraea, 53 Kalypso, 187 Lamberta, 453 Tea, 1335 Demoulina and 1858 Lobachevskij, and comet Encke.
Spacecraft design
Around 1985 Vesta was changed to be a Mars mission, with the asteroid mission unchanged. Detailed plans called for each probe to visit four small bodies, including asteroids belonging to different classes - providing a representative sample of the diversity of asteroids - and probably one or two comets as well.
Visiting at least one Apollo-Amor (Earth-nearing) asteroid was also given a preference.[citation needed]
Preliminary studies called for [when?] at least the following scientific instruments to be included:[citation needed]
- a wide angle camera (~6.5° field of view, 512×512 pixel CCD)
- a narrow angle camera (~0.5° field of view, 512×512 pixel CCD - 3.9 arcsec/pixel)
- a near-infrared spectrometer (measuring between 0.5–5 μm with λ/Δλ = 50, 5 arcminutes per pixel)
Possible further instrumentation:[citation needed]
- UV spectrometer (for imaging during a comet flyby)
- radar altimeter/radiometer
- a dust detector
- ion or neutral gas detector
Onboard memory would be about 240 Mb. Images at closest approach (~500 km) could have a resolution of 10 m/pixel. Worst case downlink rate is 600 bit/second (if not using NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN)). The scientific payload is about 100 kg. The spacecraft had 750 kg dry mass, and carried 750 kg propellants, and possibly a 500 kg penetrator. 20 square meters of solar panels provided 350 W of power.[citation needed]
If DSN support could have been obtained, Doppler tracking of the Vesta spacecraft's movement could accurately determine the mass of the encountered bodies. Should it not, another possibility was considered: releasing a test mass, and observing its movement near the target asteroid.
The spacecraft's structure was derived from telecommunication satellites (INMARSAT), having the required mass, volume, and delta-v capabilities (3-axis stabilized, with a pointing platform with 2 axes of freedom for scientific instruments).[citation needed]
Trajectory
The Mars gravity assist constrains the possible trajectories. The asteroid penetrator also imposes limits on the speed of the approach of the target asteroid (less than 4 km/s).
Nevertheless, 3 possible trajectories were designed, with two Mars gravity assists.[1]
A single Mars swing-by is also possible, but the double gravity assist increases the mass budget of the spacecraft by 30%, at the cost of an additional 1.8 year in travel time to the asteroid belt. The following trajectories are for the 1994 launch window. The size and type of each asteroid is also shown here:[citation needed]
Trajectory 1:
- launch from Earth
- Mars gravity assist
- flyby of 2335 James (a 10 km X-type asteroid) (an Amor-asteroid)
- Mars gravity assist
- 109 Felicitas (C-type, 76 km)
- 739 Mandeville (EMP(?) type, 110 km)
- 4 Vesta (V-type, or Vestoid. Has a diameter of 570 km) flyby with 3.5 km/s. A penetrator is released.
Total delta-v: 450 m/s
Trajectory 2:
- launch from Earth
- Mars gravity assist
- flyby of the 157P/Tritton short period comet
- Mars gravity assist
- 2087 Kochera(30 km?)
- 1 Ceres (flyby & releasing a penetrator)
Total delta-v: 1150 m/s
Trajectory 3:
- launch from Earth
- Mars gravity assist
- 1204 Renzia (10 km?) (an Amor-asteroid)
- Mars gravity assist
- 435 Ella (U type, 30 km)
- 46 Hestia (F type, 165 km)
- 135 Hertha (M type, 80 km)
Total delta-v: 350 m/s
In other studies 11 Parthenope, 19 Fortuna and 20 Massalia were also considered.[citation needed]
Cancellation
A combination of factors, probably including changing Franco-Soviet relations, the partial failure of the Phobos mission, financial troubles and the disbanding of the Soviet Union, prevented the project from advancing beyond the planning phase.
References
Soviet space probes |
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Earth satellites |
- Kosmos
- Molniya
- Zenit
- Bion
- GLONASS
- Meteor
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Space observatories | |
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Moon exploration |
- Luna (Lunokhod rovers)
- Zond program
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Venus | |
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Mars | |
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Design family |
- 1MV
- 2MV
- 3MV
- 2M/M69
- 4MV
- 5VK
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Spacecraft missions to Mars |
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- List of missions to Mars
- List of Mars orbiters
- List of artificial objects on Mars
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Active | Orbiters |
- 2001 Mars Odyssey
- Mars Express
- Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
- Mangalyaan
- MAVEN
- ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
- Hope
- Tianwen-1 orbiter
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Landers | |
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Rovers |
- Curiosity
- Mars Science Laboratory
- timeline
- Perseverance
- Zhurong
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Aircraft | |
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Past | Flybys | |
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Orbiters | |
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Landers | |
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Rovers | |
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Future | Planned |
- Psyche (2022, flyby in 2023)
- Mangalyaan-2 (2024)
- Europa Clipper (2024, flyby in 2025)
- Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) (2024)
- Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX) (mid 2020s)
- Kazachok (mid 2020s)
- ExoMars (2028)
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Proposed |
- Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
- DePhine
- EscaPADE
- Icebreaker Life
- Mars Base Alpha
- Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
- Mars Geyser Hopper
- Mars-Grunt
- Mars Micro Orbiter
- MELOS rover
- MetNet
- Next Mars Orbiter
- PADME
- Phootprint
- Sky-Sailor
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Exploration | Concepts |
- Flyby
- Orbiter
- Landing
- Rover
- Aircraft
- Sample return
- Human mission
- Permanent settlement
- Colonization
- Terraforming
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Strategies |
- Mars Scout Program
- Mars Exploration Program
- Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
- Mars Next Generation
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Advocacy |
- The Mars Project
- The Case for Mars
- Inspiration Mars
- Mars Institute
- Mars Society
- Mars race
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign † indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. |
Spacecraft missions to Venus |
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Active missions | Orbiters | |
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Flybys |
- Parker Solar Probe (en route)
- BepiColombo (en route)
- Solar Orbiter (en route)
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Past missions | Orbiters | |
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Flybys | |
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Descent probes | |
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Landers | |
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Balloon probes | |
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Failed launches | |
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Planned missions | Orbiters |
- VERITAS (2028)
- EnVision (2031)
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Flybys |
- Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2023)
- Dragonfly (2027)
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Descent probes | |
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Proposed missions | Venus missions |
- AREE
- CUVE
- HAVOC
- HOVER
- Shukrayaan-1
- VAMP
- Venera-D
- VICI
- VISAGE
- VISE
- VOX
- Zephyr
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Flybys |
- Europa Clipper
- Mercury-P
- Laplace-P
- NASA Uranus orbiter and probe
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Cancelled / concepts | |
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Program overviews | |
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Related |
- Colonization
- Observations and explorations
- List of artificial objects on Venus
- List of missions
- Manned Venus flyby
- Terraforming
- VeSpR
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- Missions are ordered by launch date. † indicates failure en route or before any data returned.
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Spacecraft missions to minor planets and comets |
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Active |
- New Horizons (multiple flybys)
- OSIRIS-REx (sample return)
- Hayabusa2# (lander)
- Lucy (multiple flybys)
- DART (impactor)
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Past | Flybys | |
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Orbiters | |
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Landers |
- Hayabusa
- Hayabusa2
- MASCOT
- Rover-1A / HIBOU
- Rover-1B / OWL
- Rover-2†
- NEAR Shoemaker
- Philae
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Impactors | |
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Sample return | |
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Planned |
- NEA Scout (flyby, 2022)
- Psyche (orbiter, 2023)
- Janus (flyby, 2023)
- DESTINY+ (multiple flybys, 2024)
- Hera (orbiter, 2024)
- Tianwen-2 (multiple flybys and sample return, 2025)
- Comet Interceptor (flyby, 2029)
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Proposed |
- ASTER (orbiter, 2021)
- Athena (flyby of Pallas, 2022)
- Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (flyby, 2023)
- Interstellar Express (flybys, 2024)
- Centaurus (multiple flybys, 2026–2029)
- Chimera (orbiter, 2025)
- CORSAIR (sample return)
- HAMMER (nuclear impactor concept)
- MANTIS (multiple flybys)
- OKEANOS (multiple flybys and sample return, 2026)
- World Is Not Enough (spacecraft refueling concept)
- Interstellar Probe (flyby, 2030–2042)
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Cancelled or not developed | |
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Related |
- Asteroid belt
- Asteroid capture
- Asteroid mining
- Colonization of asteroids
- Ceres
- Pluto
- Small Solar System bodies
- Near-Earth object
- Trans-Neptunian object
- Trojan
- Vesta
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- Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. † indicates mission failures.
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