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Mars 1, also known as 1962 Beta Nu 1, Mars 2MV-4 and Sputnik 23, was an automatic interplanetary station launched in the direction of Mars on November 1, 1962,[1][2] the first of the Soviet Mars probe program, with the intent of flying by the planet at a distance of about 11,000 km (6,800 mi). It was designed to image the surface and send back data on cosmic radiation, micrometeoroid impacts and Mars' magnetic field, radiation environment, atmospheric structure, and possible organic compounds.[1][2]

After leaving Earth orbit, the spacecraft and the Molniya booster's fourth stage separated and the solar panels were deployed. Early telemetry indicated that there was a leak in one of the gas valves in the orientation system so the spacecraft was transferred to gyroscopic stabilization. It made sixty-one radio transmissions, initially at two-day intervals and later at five days, containing a large amount of interplanetary data.[1]

On March 21, 1963, when the spacecraft was at a distance of 106,760,000 km (66,340,000 mi) from Earth on its way to Mars, communications ceased, probably due to failure of the spacecraft's antenna orientation system.[1][2] Mars 1's closest approach to Mars probably occurred on June 19, 1963 at a distance of approximately 193,000 km (120,000 mi), after which the spacecraft entered an orbit around the Sun.[2]

Spacecraft design

Mars 1 was a modified Venera-type spacecraft in the shape of a cylinder 3.3 m (11 ft) long and 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter.[1][2] The spacecraft measured 4 m (13 ft) across with the solar panels and radiators deployed. The cylinder was divided into two compartments. The upper 2.7 m (8.9 ft), the orbital module, contained guidance and on-board propulsion systems. The experiment module, containing the scientific instrumentation, comprised the bottom 0.6 m (2.0 ft) of the cylinder. A 1.7 m (5.6 ft) parabolic high gain antenna was used for communication, along with an omnidirectional antenna and a semi-directional antenna. Power was supplied by two solar panel wings with a total area of 2.6 m² (28 sq ft) affixed to opposite sides of the spacecraft. Power was stored in a 42 ampere-hour cadmium-nickel battery.[2]

External image
The 8K78 launcher, carrying the Mars-1 probe, blasts off from Baikonur. Credit: RKK Energia [3]

Communications were via a decimeter-wavelength radio transmitter mounted in the orbital module which used the high-gain antenna. This was supplemented by a 1-metre-wavelength range transmitter through the omnidirectional antenna. An 8-centimetre-wavelength transmitter mounted in the experiment module was designed to transmit the TV images.[1][2] Also mounted in the experiment module was a 5-centimeter range impulse transmitter^{[clarification needed]}. Temperature control was achieved using a binary gas–liquid system and hemispherical radiators mounted on the ends of the solar panels. The craft carried various scientific instruments including a magnetometer probe, television photographic equipment, a spectroreflexometer, radiation sensors (gas-discharge and scintillation counters), a spectrograph to study ozone absorption bands, and a micrometeoroid instrument.[1][2]

Scientific results

• The probe recorded one micrometeorite strike every two minutes at altitudes ranging from 6,000 to 40,000 km (3,700 to 24,900 mi) from Earth's surface due to the Taurids meteor shower, and also recorded similar densities at distances from 20 to 40 million kilometres (12,000,000 to 25,000,000 mi) from Earth.[1][2]
• Magnetic field intensities of 3–4 nanoteslas (nT, also known as gammas) with peaks as high as 6–9 nT were measured in interplanetary space.
• The solar wind was detected.
• The radiation zones around Earth were detected,[4][5] and their magnitude confirmed.[2]

Designation

This spacecraft is also referenced as Sputnik 23 and Mars 2MV-4. It was originally designated Sputnik 30 in the U.S. Naval Space Command Satellite Situation Summary.

Although it was called Mars 1, there were at least three other probes prior to this, that were failures: Mars 2MV-4 No.1, Mars 1M No.2, and Mars 1M No.1

See also

• Exploration of Mars
• List of missions to Mars
• Marsnik program
• Space exploration
• Unmanned space missions

References

• Mars 1 (2MV-4 #1, 2)

External links

• The Soviet Mars program, Professor Chris Mihos, Case Western Reserve University
• , National Space Science, Data Center

На других языках

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[de] Mars 1

Als Mars 1 wird eine gescheiterte sowjetischen Marssonde bezeichnet, die am 1. November 1962 gestartet wurde. Geplant war ein Vorbeiflug am Mars. Nach dem Start stellten die Ingenieure fest, dass der Druck in den Druckgastanks für den Stickstoff zur Lageregelung wegen eines nicht geschlossenen Ventils auf Null gefallen war. Solange die Sonde in Sonnennähe war, ließ sich ihre Lage durch ihre Kreiselstabilisatoren ausrichten. Mit steigender Entfernung von der Sonne nahm die Leistung der Solarzellen ab, sodass nicht mehr genügend Strom zum Betreiben der Kreisel zu Verfügung stand. So verlor Mars 1 die Orientierung im Raum und am 31. März 1963, in einer Entfernung von 106 Millionen km von der Erde, fiel der Kontakt zur Sonde aus. Am 19. Juni 1963 flog die stumme Sonde in einer Entfernung von etwa 193.000 km am Mars vorbei.

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- [en] Mars 1

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[ru] Марс-1

«Марс-1» — советская автоматическая межпланетная станция второго поколения программы Марс. Одна из трёх АМС серии М-62.

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