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langs: 2 декабря [ru] / december 2 [en] / 2. dezember [de] / 2 décembre [fr] / 2 dicembre [it] / 2 de diciembre [es]

days: november 29 / november 30 / december 1 / december 2 / december 3 / december 4 / december 5


Cosmonaut / Cosmonaut


#1 Valery Korzun

Valery Grigoryevich Korzun ( Russian : Валерий Григорьевич Корзун , born 5 March 1953) is a Russian cosmonaut . He has been in space twice totalling 381 days. He has also conducted four career spacewalks. Russian cosmonaut Valery Grigoryevich Korzun Валерий Григорьевич Корзун Born ( 1953-03-05 ) 5 M

#2 Viktor Afanasyev (cosmonaut)

Viktor Mikhailovich Afanasyev ( Russian : Виктор Михайлович Афанасьев ; born 31 December 1948) is a colonel in the Russian Air Force and a test cosmonaut of the Yu. A. Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center . He was born 31 December 1948, in Bryansk , Russian SFSR , and is married to Yelena Ya. Afanasyev

#3 Michael R. Clifford

Michael Richard Clifford (October 13, 1952 – December 28, 2021) was a United States Army officer and NASA astronaut . Clifford was a Master Army Aviator and logged over 3,400 hours flying in a wide variety of fixed and rotary winged aircraft. He retired from the U.S. Army at the rank of lieutenant c

#4 Donn F. Eisele

Donn Fulton Eisele (June 23, 1930 – December 2, 1987) ( Colonel USAF ) was a United States Air Force officer , test pilot , and later a NASA astronaut . He occupied the command module pilot seat during the flight of Apollo 7 in 1968. After retiring from both NASA and the Air Force in 1972, he became

#5 Robert A. Parker

Robert Allan Ridley Parker (born December 14, 1936) is an American physicist and astronomer , former Director of the NASA Management Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory , and a retired NASA astronaut . He was a Mission Specialist on two Space Shuttle missions, STS-9 and STS-35 . Retired American

#6 Vance D. Brand

Vance DeVoe Brand (born May 9, 1931) is an American naval officer , aviator , aeronautical engineer , test pilot , and NASA astronaut . He served as command module pilot during the first U.S.-Soviet joint spaceflight in 1975, and as commander of three Space Shuttle missions . American former naval o

#7 Story Musgrave

Franklin Story Musgrave (born August 19, 1935) is an American physician and a retired NASA astronaut . He is a public speaker [2] and consultant to both Disney 's Imagineering group and Applied Minds in California. In 1996, he became only the second astronaut to fly on six spaceflights, and he is th

#8 Kalpana Chawla

Kalpana Chawla (17 March 1962 – 1 February 2003) was an Indian-born American astronaut and mechanical engineer who was the first woman of Indian origin to go to space. [3] [4] She first flew on Space Shuttle Columbia in 1997 as a mission specialist and primary robotic arm operator. American astronau

#9 David M. Walker (astronaut)

David Mathieson "Dave" Walker (May 20, 1944 – April 23, 2001), ( Capt , USN ), was an American naval officer and aviator , fighter pilot , test pilot , and a former NASA astronaut . He flew aboard four Space Shuttle missions in the 1980s and 1990s. David M. Walker Born ( 1944-05-20 ) May 20, 1944 Co

#10 William J. Knight

William John "Pete" Knight (November 18, 1929   – May 7, 2004) ( Col , USAF ) was an American aeronautical engineer , politician , Vietnam War combat pilot , test pilot , and astronaut . He was one of twelve pilots who flew the North American X-15 , an experimental spaceplane jointly operated by the

#11 Vanessa O'Brien

Vanessa Audi Rhys O'Brien (born 2 December 1964) is a British and American mountaineer, sub-orbital spaceflight participant, explorer, author and former business executive. [2] On 4 August 2022, Vanessa became the first woman to complete the Explorers’ Extreme Trifecta – reaching extremes on land, s

#12 Guy Gardner (astronaut)

Guy Spence Gardner (born January 6, 1948) is a United States Air Force officer and a former astronaut . He holds the rank of colonel . He flew as pilot on two Space Shuttle missions, STS-27 and STS-35 . Gardner was also the 12th president of the Williamson College of the Trades . [1] This biography

#13 Hazza Al Mansouri

Hazza Al Mansouri [1] [2] ( Arabic : هَزَّاع ٱلْمَنْصُوْرِي , romanized :   Hazzāʿ Al-Manṣūrī , surname also spelled "Al Mansoori", full name Hazzaa Ali Abdan Khalfan Al Mansoori ( هَزَّاع عَلِي عَبْدان خَلْفَان ٱلْمَنْصُوْرِي ) is an Emirati astronaut and the first person from the United Arab Emira

#14 John M. Lounge

John Michael "Mike" Lounge (June 28, 1946   – March 1, 2011) was an American engineer , a United States Navy officer, a Vietnam War veteran, and a NASA astronaut . A veteran of three Space Shuttle flights, Lounge logged over 482 hours in space. He was a mission specialist on STS-51-I (1985) and STS-

#15 Mike Mullane

Richard Michael Mullane (born September 10, 1945; Col , USAF , Ret.) is an engineer and Weapon Systems Officer, a retired USAF officer, and a former NASA astronaut . During his career, he flew as a mission specialist on STS-41-D , STS-27 , and STS-36 . American aerospace and weapons engineer and ast

#16 Mark Kelly

Mark Edward Kelly (born February 21, 1964) is an American politician, businessman, retired astronaut , and U.S. Navy captain serving as the junior United States senator from Arizona since December 2020. [3] A member of the Democratic Party , he was elected in the special election triggered by the de

#17 Kathryn C. Thornton

Kathryn Ryan Cordell Thornton (born August 17, 1952) is an American scientist and a former NASA astronaut with over 975 hours in space, including 21 hours of extravehicular activity. [1] She was the associate dean for graduate programs at the University of Virginia School of Engineering and Applied

#18 Jerry L. Ross

Jerry Lynn Ross (born January 20, 1948, Crown Point, Indiana ) is a retired United States Air Force officer, engineer and a former NASA astronaut . He is a veteran of seven Space Shuttle missions, making him the joint record holder for most spaceflights (a record he shares with Franklin Chang-Diaz )

#19 Nikolai Rukavishnikov

Nikolai Nikolayevich Rukavishnikov ( Russian : Никола́й Никола́евич Рукави́шников ; 18 September 1932 – 19 October 2002 [1] ) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew three space missions of the Soyuz programme : Soyuz 10 , Soyuz 16 , and Soyuz 33 . Two of these missions, Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 33 were intended

#20 Ronald Parise

Ronald Anthony Parise (May 24, 1951 – May 9, 2008) was an Italian American scientist who flew aboard two NASA Space Shuttle missions as a payload specialist . Ronald Anthony Parise Born ( 1951-05-24 ) May 24, 1951 Warren, Ohio Died May 9, 2008 (2008-05-09) (aged   56) Silver Spring, Maryland Nationa


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Museum / Museum


#1 Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center

The Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center , also called the Udvar-Hazy Center , is the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum (NASM)'s annex at Washington Dulles International Airport in the Chantilly area of Fairfax County, Virginia , United States. It holds numerous exhibits, including the Space Shuttle

#2 Gianni Caproni Museum of Aeronautics

The Gianni Caproni Museum of Aeronautics ( Italian : Museo dell'Aeronautica Gianni Caproni ) is Italy 's oldest aviation museum, [3] [4] [5] as well as the country's oldest corporate museum. [3] [6] It was established in 1927 as the Caproni Museum ( Museo Caproni ) by Italian aviation pioneer and ae


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Spacecraft / Spacecraft


#1 Relay program

The Relay program consisted of Relay 1 and Relay 2, two early American satellites in elliptical medium Earth orbit . [1] Both were primarily experimental communications satellites funded by NASA and developed by RCA . [2] As of December 2, 2016, both satellites were still in orbit. [3] [4] Relay 1 p

#2 Soyuz 7K-L1E

Soyuz 7K-L1E was a Soviet uncrewed modified Soyuz 7K-L1 spacecraft. Also called a dummy Soyuz 7K-LOK . Two were built, one Soyuz 7K-L1E was successfully launched into Low Earth Orbit on Proton rocket and is known as Kosmos 382 . The other Soyuz 7K-L1E was placed on a N1 rocket , which failed at laun

#3 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ( AMS-02 ) is a particle physics experiment module that is mounted on the International Space Station (ISS). [4] The experiment is a recognized CERN experiment (RE1). [5] [6] The module is a detector that measures antimatter in cosmic rays ; this information is needed

#4 Kosmos 381

Cosmos 381 ( Russian : Космос 381 ) satellite provided data on the physical characteristics of the layers of the Earth 's Ionosphere using a Mayak radio transmitter. The study covered almost the entire global surface. [1] This article needs additional citations for verification . ( May 2014 )

#5 Soyuz TMA-19

Soyuz TMA-19 was a crewed spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS) and is part of the Soyuz programme . It was launched on 15 June 2010 carrying three members of the Expedition 24 crew to the International Space Station, who remained aboard the station for around six months. Soyuz TMA-19

#6 Soyuz TMA-17

Soyuz TMA-17 was a human spaceflight mission to the International Space Station (ISS). TMA-17 crew members participated in ISS Expedition 22 and Expedition 23 . The mission ended when the Soyuz TMA-17 capsule landed on 2 June 2010. 2009 Russian crewed spaceflight to the ISS Soyuz TMA-17 Launch of TM

#7 Mars 3

Mars 3 was a robotic space probe of the Soviet Mars program , launched May 28, 1971, nine days after its twin spacecraft Mars 2 . The probes were identical robotic spacecraft launched by Proton-K rockets with a Blok D upper stage, each consisting of an orbiter and an attached lander . After the Mars

#8 Korabl-Sputnik 3

Korabl-Sputnik 3 [2] ( Russian : Корабль-Спутник 3 meaning Ship-Satellite 3 ) or Vostok-1K No.3 , also known as Sputnik 6 in the West, [3] was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1960. It was a test flight of the Vostok spacecraft, carrying two dogs; Pcholka and Mushka ("little bee" and "littl

#9 OV3-2

Orbiting Vehicle 3-2 (also known as OV3-2 [3] ), launched 28 October 1966, was the fourth satellite to be launched in the OV3 series of the United States Air Force's Orbiting Vehicle program. The satellite measured charged particles in orbit, mapping irregularities in the ionosphere , particularly t

#10 Solar Maximum Mission

The Solar Maximum Mission satellite (or SolarMax ) was designed to investigate Solar phenomena, particularly solar flares . It was launched on February 14, 1980. The SMM was the first satellite based on the Multimission Modular Spacecraft bus manufactured by Fairchild Industries, a platform which wa

#11 Soyuz T-3

Soyuz T-3 was a Soviet spaceflight, launched on 27 November 1980 to the Salyut 6 space station. It was the first Soyuz spacecraft to carry three cosmonauts following the fatal Soyuz 11 disaster in 1971. [1] 1980 Soviet crewed spaceflight to Salyut 6 Soyuz T-3 COSPAR ID 1980-094A SATCAT no. 12077 Mis

#12 Astra 1G

Astra 1G is one of the Astra communications satellites owned and operated by SES . Astra 1G Mission type Communications Operator Société Européenne des Satellites / SES S.A. COSPAR ID 1997-076A SATCAT no. 25071 Website https://www.ses.com/ Mission duration 15 years (planned) 24   years, 9   months,

#13 SwissCube-1

SwissCube-1 is a Swiss satellite operated by École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). The spacecraft is a single unit CubeSat , which was designed to conduct research into nightglow within the Earth's atmosphere, and to develop technology for future spacecraft. [3] It has also been used for

#14 OV3-1

Orbiting Vehicle 3-1 (also known as OV3-1 and OPS 1527 [3] ), launched 22 April 1966, was the first satellite in the OV3 series of the United States Air Force's Orbiting Vehicle program. The satellite measured radiation above the Earth, returning useful data for over a year. It is still in orbit as

#15 JCSAT-1B

JCSAT-1B , known as JCSAT-5 before launch, is a geostationary communications satellite operated by SKY Perfect JSAT Group (JSAT) which was designed and manufactured by Hughes (now Boeing ) on the HS-601 satellite bus . It has a pure Ku-band payload and was used to replace JCSAT-1 at the 150° East lo

#16 OV3-4

Orbiting Vehicle 3-4 (also known as OV3-4 , PHASR , [1] and OPS 1427 [3] ), launched 10 June 1966, was the second satellite to be launched in the OV3 series of the United States Air Force's Orbiting Vehicle program. The satellite measured radiation above the Earth, helping to determine the hazard po

#17 STS-27

STS-27 was the 27th NASA Space Shuttle mission, and the third flight of Space Shuttle Atlantis . Launching on 2 December 1988 on a four-day mission, it was the second shuttle flight after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster of January 1986. STS-27 carried a classified payload for the U.S. Departme

#18 Kosmos 2446

Kosmos 2446 ( Russian : Космос 2446 meaning Cosmos 2446 ) is a Russian US-K missile early warning satellite which was launched in 2008 as part of the Russian Space Forces ' Oko programme. [5] The satellite is designed to identify missile launches using optical telescopes and infrared sensors . [2] K

#19 Equator-S

The Equator-S satellite was a spacecraft constructed by the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics for the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative . It was operational between 2 December 1997 and 1 May 1998. [1] Computer generated image of the Equator-S satellite (NASA)

#20 Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory ( SOHO ) is a European Space Agency (ESA) spacecraft built by a European industrial consortium led by Matra Marconi Space (now Airbus Defence and Space ) that was launched on a Lockheed Martin Atlas IIAS launch vehicle on 2 December 1995, to study the Sun . It


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