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The Solar Maximum Mission satellite (or SolarMax) was designed to investigate Solar phenomena, particularly solar flares. It was launched on February 14, 1980. The SMM was the first satellite based on the Multimission Modular Spacecraft bus manufactured by Fairchild Industries, a platform which was later used for Landsats 4 and 5[1] as well as the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite.

Solar Maximum Mission

Solar Maximum Mission.
Mission type	Solar physics
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	1980-014A
SATCAT no.	11703
Mission duration	9 years
Spacecraft properties
Bus	Multimission Modular Spacecraft
Manufacturer	Fairchild Industries
Launch mass	2,315.0 kilograms (5,103.7 lb)
Dimensions	4 by 2.3 metres (13.1 by 7.5 ft)
Start of mission
Launch date	February 14, 1980, 15:57:00 (1980-02-14UTC15:57Z) UTC
Rocket	Delta 3910
Launch site	Cape Canaveral LC-17A
End of mission
Decay date	December 2, 1989 (1989-12-03)
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Eccentricity	0.00029
Perigee altitude	508.0 kilometers (315.7 mi)
Apogee altitude	512.0 kilometers (318.1 mi)
Inclination	28.5 degrees
Period	94.80 minutes
Mean motion	15.19

After an attitude control failure in Nov 1980 it was put in standby mode until April 1984 when it was repaired by a Shuttle mission.

The Solar Maximum Mission ended on December 2, 1989, when the spacecraft re-entered the atmosphere and burned up over the Indian Ocean.[2]

Instruments

Experiments on board the Solar Maximum Mission

Name	Target	Principal Investigator
Coronagraph/Polarimeter: 446.5–658.3 nm, 1.5- 6 sq.solar radii fov, 6.4 arcsec res.	Solar corona, prominences, and flares	House, Lewis L., High Altitude Observatory
Ultraviolet Spectrometer and polarimeter 175.0–360.0 nm raster imager, 0.004 nm sp.res.	Solar UV, Earth's atmosphere	Tandberg-Hanssen, Einar A., NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
Soft X-ray Polychromator: raster imager, crystal spectrom. in parts of 0.14–2.25 nm	Solar flares, active solar regions	Acton, Loren W., Lockheed Palo Alto, Culhane, J University College, London, Leonard, Gabriel, Alan-Henri, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Hard X-ray Imaging Spectrometer: fov 6.4 arcmin, 8 or 32 arcsec res, 3.5–30 keV	Solar active regions and flares	de Jager, Cornelis, University of Utrecht
Hard X-ray Burst Spectrometer: CsI(Na), 15 energy channels covering 20–260 keV	Solar flares and active regions	Frost, Kenneth J., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Gamma-ray Spectrometer: NaI(T1),0.01-100 MeV in 476 channels, 16.4 s per spectrum	solar gamma-rays	Chupp, Edward L, University of New Hampshire
Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor: 0.001-1000 micrometer solar flux	solar irradiance	Willson, Richard C, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Failure and repair

The white-light coronagraph/polarimeter (C/P) took coronal images for about six months from March 1980 before suffering an electronics failure in September that prevented operation.[2]

In November 1980, the second of four fuses in SMM's attitude control system failed, causing it to rely on its magnetorquers in order to maintain attitude. In this mode, only three of the seven instruments on board were usable, as the others required the satellite to be accurately pointed at the Sun. The use of the satellite's magnetorquers prevented the satellite from being used in a stable position and caused it to "wobble" around its nominally sun-pointed attitude.[3] SMM was left in standby mode for 3 years.[2]

The first orbiting, unmanned satellite to be repaired in space, SMM was notable in that its useful life compared with similar spacecraft was significantly increased by the direct intervention of a manned space mission. During STS-41-C in April 1984, the Space Shuttle Challenger rendezvoused with the SMM, astronauts James van Hoften and George Nelson attempted to use the Manned Maneuvering Unit to capture the satellite and to bring it into the orbiter's payload bay for repairs and servicing. The plan was to use an astronaut-piloted Maneuvering Unit to grapple the satellite with the Trunnion Pin Attachment Device (TPAD) mounted between the hand controllers of the Maneuvering Unit, null its rotation rates, and allow the Shuttle to bring it into the Shuttle's payload bay for stowage. Three attempts to grapple the satellite using the TPAD failed. The TPAD jaws could not lock onto Solar Max because of an obstructing grommet on the satellite not included in its blueprints.

This led to an improvised plan which nearly ended the satellite's mission. The improvisation had the astronaut use his hands to grab hold of a solar array and null the rotation by a push from the Maneuvering Unit's thrusters. Instead, this attempt induced higher rates and in multiple axes; the satellite was tumbling out of control and quickly losing battery life. SMM Operations Control Center engineers shut down all non-essential satellite subsystems and with a bit of luck were able to recover the satellite minutes before total failure. The ground support engineers then stabilized the satellite and nulled its rotation rates for capture with the Shuttle's robotic arm. This proved to be a much better plan. The satellite had been fitted with one of the arm's grapple fixtures so that the robotic arm was able to capture and maneuver it into the shuttle's payload bay for repairs.[4]

During the mission, the SMM's entire attitude control system module and the electronics module for the coronagraph/polarimeter instrument were replaced, and a gas cover was installed over the X-ray polychromator.[4] Their successful work added five more years to the lifespan of the satellite. The mission was depicted in the 1985 IMAX movie The Dream Is Alive.

Discovery of comets

10 comets were discovered in images from the SMM .[5]

Designation	Observation date	Discoverer[6]
C1987 T2 (SMM-1)	Oct 5,1987	O. C. St. Cyr
C/1987 U4 (SMM-2)	Oct 17,1987	O. C. St. Cyr
1988l (SMM-3)	Jun 27, 1988	O. C. St. Cyr
1988m (SMM-4)	Aug 21, 1988	D. Kobe, C. Waugh
1988n (SMM-5)	Oct 11-12 1988	O.C. St. Cyr[7]
1988p (SMM-6)	Nov 18, 1988	O.C. St. Cyr[8]
1988q (SMM-7)	Oct 24, 1988	A. L. Stanger[9]
1989m (SMM-8)	Jun 2, 1989	O.C. St. Cyr, D. L. Kobe [10]
1989q (SMM-9)	Jul 8,1989	O.C. St. Cyr[11]
1989x (SMM-10)	Sep 28,1989	O.C. St. Cyr[12]

Findings

Significantly, the SMM's ACRIM instrument package showed that contrary to expectations, the Sun is actually brighter during the sunspot cycle maximum (when the greatest number of dark 'sunspots' appear). This is because sunspots are surrounded by bright features called faculae, which more than cancel the darkening effect of the sunspot.

The major scientific findings from the SMM are presented in several review articles in a monograph.[13]

End of mission

SMM's orbit slowly decayed due to atmospheric drag taking it down into denser regions.

The March 1989 geomagnetic storm was reported to have led to SMM dropping half a kilometre at the start of the storm and 3 miles over the whole period.[14]

SMM lost attitude control on November 17, 1989, and re-entry and burn-up occurred on 2 December 1989 over the Indian Ocean.[2]

See also

• Advanced Composition Explorer
• Charles Hyder
• Parker Solar Probe
• Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
• WIND (spacecraft)

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar Maximum Mission.

• HEASARC, SMM
• Marshall Space Flight Center, SMM
• SMM C/P Coronal Mass Ejections
• Total Solar Irradiance ACRIM

На других языках

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[de] Solar Maximum Mission

Der NASA-Satellit Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), auch SolarMax genannt, diente der Beobachtung der Sonne, insbesondere von Sonneneruptionen. Er wurde von der Firma Fairchild hergestellt und am 14. Februar 1980 von einer Delta-Rakete gestartet. Die Solar-Maximum-Mission endete am 2. Dezember 1989, als der Satellit in die Erdatmosphäre eintrat und verglühte.

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- [en] Solar Maximum Mission

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[es] Solar Maximum Mission

Solar Maximum Mission (también conocido por su acrónimo SMM o SolarMax) fue el nombre de un observatorio espacial de la NASA destinado a estudiar el Sol. Fue lanzado el 14 de febrero de 1980 por un cohete Delta, durante un periodo de actividad solar máxima dentro del ciclo solar, de ahí su nombre. Observó más de 12.000 erupciones solares y 1.200 eyecciones coronales durante sus 10 años de vida.

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[ru] Solar Maximum Mission

Solar Maximum Mission (SolarMax или SMM) — спутник, построенный и использованный для исследования некоторых процессов, происходящих на Солнце, в частности, солнечных вспышек. Запущен 14 февраля 1980 года.

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