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Zond 6 was a formal member of the Soviet Zond program, and an unmanned version of the Soyuz 7K-L1 manned Moon-flyby spacecraft. It was launched on a lunar flyby mission from a parent satellite (68-101B) in Earth parking orbit. The spacecraft carried scientific probes including cosmic ray and micrometeoroid detectors, as well as photographic equipment and a biological payload of flies, bacteria and turtles. The mission was a precursor to a manned circumlunar flight which the Soviets hoped could occur in December 1968, thus beating the American Apollo 8. However, after rounding the Moon, Zond 6 crashed on its return to Earth, due to a parachute failure.

Zond 6
NamesSoyuz 7K-L1 s/n 12
Mission typePlanetary Science
OperatorLavochkin
COSPAR ID1968-101A
SATCAT no.03535
Mission duration7 days
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerNPO Energia Company [citation needed]
Launch mass5,375 kg (11,850 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date19:11:31, 10 November 1968 (UTC) (1968-11-10T19:11:31Z)
RocketProton-K/11S824
Launch siteBaikonur 81/26
End of mission
DisposalCrash landed
Landing date17 November 1968 (1968-11-17) 14:10 UT[1]
Landing site70 km NE of Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, USSR[2]
Orbital parameters
Perigee altitude120 km (75 mi)
Apogee altitude400,000 km (250,000 mi)
Inclination51.5°
Period500 days
Flyby of Moon
Closest approach14 November 1968
Distance2,420 km (1,500 mi)
Zond
← Zond 5
Zond 1969A →
 

Mission


Zond 6 was the official designation for Soyuz 7K-L1 s/n 12. It was supposed to photograph the Moon in colour and in black and white, from 8,000 km and 2,600 km ranges, then return to Earth, landing at Tyuratam, only 16 km from the launch pad. It had been a long and difficult road to develop the L1 guidance system, but it worked perfectly that time.

Zond 6 flew around the Moon on 14 November 1968, at a minimum distance of 2,420 km. Photographs of the lunar near side and far side were obtained with panchromatic film. Each photo was 5 by 7 in (130 by 180 mm). Some of the views allowed for stereo pictures. The photos were taken from distances of approximately 11,000 km and 3,300 km.

The flight was tracked by Jodrell Bank Observatory, which picked up telemetry data and voice transmissions. The telemetry data appear to have been simulated sensor readings; the voices were either from a tape recorder or being relayed through the probe.[3] In 2018, a recording of the signals was found in Jodrell Bank's archive.[3]

During the craft's return from the moon, concerns arose about the falling temperatures of the hydrogen peroxide tanks.[4] This issue was addressed by rotating Zond 6 so that the tanks were in direct sunlight.[4] While this was successful in raising the temperatures of the tanks, it also damaged the seal around the door of the re-entry cabin, resulting in the spacecraft starting to leak and the pressure in the cabin falling.[4]

Zond 6 used a relatively uncommon technique called "skip reentry" to shed velocity upon returning to Earth. A few hours before reentry, on 17 November 1968, the cabin largely depressurised, killing all the animal test subjects aboard. A further problem resulted in Zond 6's parachutes ejecting while the cabin was still several miles up. The craft crashed in Kazakhstan, near the designated landing area.[5]

Investigation of the remains of the spacecraft was delayed while the self destruct system was located and removed.[4] The craft's film magazines could then be recovered, and the images therein were published, along with claims that the mission had been entirely successful.[4][5]

A State Commission investigating the crash later determined that the coronal discharge effect which caused the parachute to jettison would only occur at the 25 mm capsule pressure. If the capsule had been completely depressurised to a high vacuum, the accident would not have occurred.


Details



See also



References


  1. Siddiqui, Asif A. "Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration". NASA Science. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  2. "Zond-6: Racing Apollo-8". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  3. "Jodrell Bank Observatory release 50 year-old audio archive of Soviet Zond 6 lunar mission". manchester.ac.uk/. The University of Manchester. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  4. Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M (2004). Lunar Exploration Human Pioneers and Robot Surveyors. Springer. pp. 203–204. ISBN 185233746X.
  5. Harvey, Brian (2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer-Praxis. pp. 188–190. ISBN 0387218963.


This article was originally based on material from NASA (NSSDC) information on Zond 6


На других языках

- [en] Zond 6

[ru] Зонд-6

«Зонд-6» (7К-Л1 № 12) — девятый запуск прототипа лунного корабля «Союз 7К-Л1», по программе облёта Луны экипажем из двух человек. Официально целью миссии был беспилотный облёт и фотографирование Луны, возвращение спускаемого аппарата на Землю с приземлением в заданный район, а также проведение лётно-конструкторской отработки в автоматическом варианте пилотируемого корабля. Фактически это был готовый корабль для пилотируемого облёта Луны.


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