cosmos.wikisort.org - Spacecraft

Spektr-RG (Russian: Спектр-РГ, Spectrum + Röntgen + Gamma; also called Spectrum-X-Gamma, SRG, SXG) is a Russian–German high-energy astrophysics space observatory which was launched on 13 July 2019.[4] It follows on from the Spektr-R satellite telescope launched in 2011.[5]

Spektr-RG
Спектр-РГ

Artist's impression of the deployed Spektr-RG
Mission type	X-ray astronomy[1]
Operator	Russian Space Research Institute, German Aerospace Center
COSPAR ID	2019-040A
SATCAT no.	44432
Website	srg.iki.rssi.ru
Mission duration	Planned: 6.5 years[1] Elapsed: 3 years, 3 months, 11 days
Spacecraft properties
Bus	Navigator[2]
Manufacturer	NPO Lavochkin, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Launch mass	2,712 kg (5,979 lb)[1]
Payload mass	1,210 kg (2,670 lb)[1]
Power	1.8 kW
Start of mission
Launch date	13 July 2019, 12:31 (2019-07-13UTC12:31) UTC[1][3]
Rocket	Proton-M[1]
Launch site	Baikonur Site 81/24
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Sun–Earth L2
Regime	Halo orbit
Main telescope
Type	eROSITA: Wolter
Wavelengths	X-ray
Instruments
eROSITA, ART-XC
Spektr program ← Spektr-R Spektr-UV →

Background

The original idea for this X-ray observatory satellite orbiting above Earth's atmosphere, which filters X-rays, was first proposed in the 1980s by Rashid Sunyaev of the Space Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Twenty institutions from twelve countries came together to design a large observatory with five telescopes. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the mission was abandoned due to cost-cutting from the Russian space program Roscosmos. The project was resurrected in 2003 with a scaled-down design.[6]

Overview

The primary instrument of the mission is eROSITA, built by the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) in Germany. It is designed to conduct a seven-year X-ray survey,[7] the first in the medium X-ray band less than 10 keV energies, and the first to map an estimated 100,000 galaxy clusters.[8] This survey may detect new clusters of galaxies and active galactic nuclei. The second instrument, ART-XC, is a Russian high-energy X-ray telescope capable of detecting supermassive black holes.[8]

Spacecraft

The Spektr-RG mission concept was published in 2005.[9] Construction was finished in 2016, and by mid-2018 it was under integration and testing. It was scheduled to be launched in June 2019 but was delayed to 12 July, before the flight was postponed at the last moment. It launched the next day, 13 July 2019, from Baikonur Site 81/24.[1] The observatory was integrated into a Navigator satellite bus,[10] produced by NPO Lavochkin.[11]

Mission profile and orbit

The spacecraft entered an orbit around the Sun, circling the Sun-Earth L₂ Lagrangian point in a halo orbit, about 1.5 million kilometres away from Earth. Cruise to that location took three months, during which the two telescopes were checked out and calibrated. The next four years were planned to be spent performing eight all-sky surveys. As a goal, the three years after that are planned for observations of selected galaxy clusters and AGNs (Active Galactic Nuclei).[12]

On Monday 21 October 2019, Spektr-RG completed a 100-day cruise to L2-point. On 17 October 2019, the main eROSITA instrument achieved first light.[13] The first light image of ART-XC was taken on July 30, 2019.[14]

The operations of eROSITA were suspended on 26 February 2022 after the Russian invasion into Ukraine. At the time, eROSITA had completed four of its planned eight full-sky surveys.[15]

In March 2022, Russia said they turned off one of the two telescopes aboard Spektr-RG (presumably eROSITA) as a response to the German reaction to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[16] In June, the head of Roscosmos threatened to unilaterally seize control of the German telescope, citing German officials' "pro-fascist views".[17]

Instruments

Instruments on the Spektr-RG observatory

	eROSITA[7]	ART-XC[18]
Organisation	MPE	IKI / VNIIEF
Telescope type	Wolter	Wolter
Wavelength	X-ray	X-ray
Mass	810 kg	350 kg
Sensitivity range	0.3–10 keV	4–30 keV
Field of view	1 degree	30 arcminutes
Angular resolution	15 arcseconds	45 arcseconds
Sensor area	2,400 cm2 at 1 keV	450 cm2 at 8 keV

Optical mission support

Russian

• BTA-6
• Caucasus Mountain Observatory
• RTT-150
• Sayan Solar Observatory
• International Scientific Optical Network

German

• Las Campanas Observatory
• Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
• Paranal Observatory
• La Silla Observatory

See also

• IXPE—a high-resolution X-ray telescope measuring polarization of X-rays
• List of X-ray space telescopes
• ROSAT—observed at similar X-ray energies in the 1990s
• TAUVEX—an instrument originally planned for Spektr-RG; it was built but never flown

References

External links

• Official site of the project in Russia
• Official site of the eROSITA telescope
• Space telescope to chart first map of the Universe in high-energy X-rays

На других языках

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[de] Spektr-RG

Spektr-RG (russisch für elektromagnetisches Spektrum + Röntgenstrahlung + Gammastrahlung; auch Spectrum-X-Gamma, SRG, SXG genannt) ist ein russisch-deutsches Weltraumobservatorium und ein Forschungsprojekt der Röntgenastronomie. Es wurde am 13. Juli 2019 mit einer Proton-M-Rakete vom Kosmodrom Baikonur gestartet und ging im Oktober 2019 in Betrieb.[3]

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- [en] Spektr-RG

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[es] Spektr-RG

Spektr-RG (ruso para Spectrum (espectro electromagnético) + Röntgen (rayos X) + Gamma (rayos Gamma)), también llamado Spectrum-X-Gamma, SRG, SXG, es un observatorio espacial rusoalemán lanzado el 13 de julio de 2019.[1]

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[ru] Спектр-РГ

«Спектр-РГ» («Спектр-Рентген-Гамма», «СРГ», SRG) — российско-немецкая орбитальная астрофизическая обсерватория (проект Роскосмоса и DLR), предназначенная для построения полной карты Вселенной в рентгеновском диапазоне энергий 0,2—30 килоэлектронвольт (кэВ). Она состоит из двух рентгеновских телескопов: немецкого eROSITA, работающего в мягком рентгеновском диапазоне, и российского ART-XC имени М. Н. Павлинского, работающего в жёстком рентгеновском диапазоне. Первый российский (в том числе с учётом советского периода) телескоп с оптикой косого падения.

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