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Soyuz 16 (Russian: Союз 16, Union 16) was a December, 1974, crewed test flight for a joint Soviet-United States space flight which culminated in the Apollo-Soyuz mission in July 1975. The two-man Soviet crew, Anatoly Filipchenko and Nikolai Rukavishnikov, tested a docking ring and other systems to be used in the joint flight.

This article is about a 1974 spaceflight. For the mission identified by NASA as ISS Soyuz 16, see Soyuz TMA-12.

Soyuz 16
Mission typeTest flight for ASTP mission
OperatorSoviet space program
COSPAR ID1974-096A
SATCAT no.07561
Mission duration5 days 22 hours 23 minutes 35 seconds
Orbits completed95
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftSoyuz 7K-TM No.4
Spacecraft typeSoyuz 7K-TM
ManufacturerNPO Energia
Launch mass6680 kg [1]
Landing mass1200 kg
Crew
Crew size2
MembersAnatoly Filipchenko
Nikolai Rukavishnikov
CallsignБуран (Buran - "Blizzard")
Start of mission
Launch date2 December 1974, 09:40:00 UTC
RocketSoyuz-U
Launch siteBaikonur, Site 1/5[2]
End of mission
Landing date8 December 1974, 08:03:35 UTC
Landing site30 km of the northeast of Arkalyk, Kazakhstan
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit[3]
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Perigee altitude177.0 km
Apogee altitude223.0 km
Inclination51.7°
Period88.4 minutes

Salyut program insignia
Soyuz programme
 

Crew


Position Cosmonaut
Commander Anatoly Filipchenko
Second and last spaceflight
Flight Engineer Nikolai Rukavishnikov
Second spaceflight

Backup crew


Position Cosmonaut
Commander Vladimir Dzhanibekov
Flight Engineer Boris Andreyev

Reserve crew


Position Cosmonaut
Commander Yuri Romanenko
Flight Engineer Aleksandr Ivanchenkov

Mission parameters



Background


The Soyuz 16 mission was the final rehearsal and first crewed mission in a program which culminated in the Apollo-Soyuz (ASTP) mission seven months later.[4] The Soviet Union and the United States, Cold War rivals, had signed several arms control treaties in the 1960s and 1970s, and had entered into a period of detente by the early 1970s. In 1972, a treaty was signed to participate in a joint crewed space flight as a symbol of this detente.[5]

Early concepts for a joint flight included docking a Soyuz craft to the American Skylab space station, or an Apollo vehicle docking with a Salyut space station. Once the Americans abandoned their Skylab station in 1974, the Apollo-Salyut concept seemed to be the logical choice, but since the Soviets had started to develop a universal docking adapter for the mission and feared having to publicly reveal details of their military-focused Salyut missions, the two powers opted to link a Soyuz spacecraft with an Apollo spacecraft.[5]

Three test flights of an uncrewed version of the ASTP spacecraft were flown: Kosmos 638, launched 3 April 1974; Kosmos 652, launched 15 May 1974; and Kosmos 672, launched 12 August 1974. These three flights, and Soyuz 16, were all launched with an improved version of a Soyuz booster.[5]


Mission highlights


In an unprecedented move, Soviet planners offered to inform their NASA counterparts of the time of the launch, as long as they did not reveal that time to the press. NASA officials refused to agree to that condition and, accordingly, were informed of the launch an hour after it occurred, on 2 December 1974.[4]

During the flight, Cosmonauts Anatoly Filipchenko and Nikolai Rukavishnikov tested the androgynous docking system to be used for the ASTP mission by retracting and extending a simulated 20 kg American docking ring.[4][5] The crew also tested modified environmental systems, new solar panels and improved control systems, as well as a new radar docking system. Air pressure was reduced from 760 mm to 540 mm and oxygen raised from 20% to 40% to test reducing the planned transfer time to Apollo from two to one hour.[5] On 7 December 1974, the docking ring was jettisoned with explosive bolts to test emergency measures if the capture latches got stuck during the ASTP flight.

The craft landed 8 December 1974, near Arkalyk and was hailed a complete success.[5] The mission duration, six days, matched the ASTP mission duration to within 10 minutes.[4]


References


  1. "Display: Soyuz 16 1974-096A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. "Baikonur LC1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  3. "Trajectory: Soyuz 16 1974-096A". NASA. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 11 October 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. Clark, Phillip (1988). The Soviet Manned Space Program. New York: Orion Books, a division of Crown Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-517-56954-X.
  5. Newkirk, Dennis (1990). Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight. Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87201-848-2.



На других языках

- [en] Soyuz 16

[es] Soyuz 16

Soyuz 16 fue una misión de pruebas de la nave Soyuz 7K-TM (una modificación de la Soyuz 7K-T) lanzada el 8 de diciembre de 1974 desde el cosmódromo de Baikonur con dos cosmonautas a bordo en el marco del programa conjunto Apolo-Soyuz.

[ru] Союз-16

«Союз-16» — советский двухместный пилотируемый космический корабль серии «Союз», совершивший в декабре 1974 г. полёт в рамках подготовки совместного экспериментального полёта «Союз — Аполлон» (ЭПАС, ASTP). Для полёта использовалась специальная модификация 7К-ТМ корабля серии «Союз» с вновь разработанным андрогинно-периферийным стыковочным узлом АПАС-75. На корабле были установлены солнечные батареи, которые в предыдущих полётах отсутствовали (с «Союза-12», кроме «Союза-13»).


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