Soyuz TM-20 was the twentieth expedition to the Russian Space Station Mir. It launched Russian cosmonauts Aleksandr Viktorenko, Yelena Kondakova, and German cosmonaut Ulf Merbold.
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Mission type | Mir crew transport |
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Operator | Rosaviakosmos |
COSPAR ID | 1994-063A |
SATCAT no. | 23288 |
Mission duration | 169 days, 5 hours, 21 minutes, 35 seconds |
Orbits completed | ~2,760 |
Spacecraft properties | |
Spacecraft | Soyuz 7K-STM No.69[1] |
Spacecraft type | Soyuz-TM |
Manufacturer | RKK Energia |
Launch mass | 7,170 kilograms (15,810 lb) |
Crew | |
Crew size | 3 |
Members | Aleksandr Viktorenko Yelena Kondakova |
Launching | Ulf Merbold |
Landing | Valeri Polyakov |
Callsign | Ви́тязь (Vityaz' – Knight) |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | October 3, 1994, 22:42:30 (1994-10-03UTC22:42:30Z) UTC[1] |
Rocket | Soyuz-U2 |
Launch site | Baikonur 1/5 |
End of mission | |
Landing date | March 22, 1995, 04:04:05 (1995-03-22UTC04:04:06Z) UTC |
Landing site | 50.52°N 67.35°E / 50.52; 67.35 |
Orbital parameters | |
Reference system | Geocentric |
Regime | Low Earth |
Perigee altitude | 392 kilometres (244 mi) |
Apogee altitude | 394 kilometres (245 mi) |
Inclination | 51.6 degrees |
Period | 92.42 minutes |
Epoch | 3 November 1994[2] |
Docking with Mir | |
Docking port | Core forward |
Docking date | 6 October 1994, 00:28:15 UTC |
Undocking date | 22 March 1995, 00:43:08 UTC |
Soyuz programme (Crewed missions) |
Position | Launching crew | Landing crew |
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Commander | Aleksandr Viktorenko Fourth and last spaceflight | |
Flight Engineer | Yelena Kondakova First spaceflight | |
Research Cosmonaut | Ulf Merbold Third and last spaceflight |
Valeri Polyakov Second and last spaceflight |
The flight carried 10 kg of equipment for use by Merbold in ESA's month-long Euromir 94 experiment program. During automatic approach to Mir's front port, the spacecraft yawed unexpectedly. Viktorenko completed a manual docking without additional incident.
Soyuz programme | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Main topics |
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Past missions (by spacecraft type) |
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Current missions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Future missions |
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Uncrewed missions are designated as Kosmos instead of Soyuz; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)". The † sign designates failed missions. Italics designates cancelled missions. |
Human spaceflights to Mir | ||
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1986–1990 | ||
1991–1995 | ||
1996–2000 |
Shuttle–Mir program | ||
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Spacecraft |
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Missions | ||
Increments |
← 1993 · Orbital launches in 1994 · 1995 → | |
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Soyuz TM-18 | Gals 1 | Eutelsat II F5 · Türksat 1A | Meteor-3 #7 · Tubsat-B | Clementine · ISA | Progress M-21 | STS-60 (WSF · ODERACS A · ODERACS B · ODERACS C · ODERACS D · ODERACS E · ODERACS F · BremSat) | Myojo · Ryusei | Globus #13L | USA-99 | Shijian 4 · Kua Fu 1 | Kosmos 2268 · Kosmos 2269 · Kosmos 2270 · Kosmos 2271 · Kosmos 2272 · Kosmos 2273 | Gran' #40L | Galaxy 1RR | Koronas-I | STS-62 | USA-100 · SEDS-2 | USA-101 · USA-102 | Kosmos 2274 | Progress M-22 | STS-59 | Kosmos 2275 · Kosmos 2276 · Kosmos 2277 | GOES 8 | Kosmos 2278 | Kosmos 2279 | Kosmos 2280 | USA-103 | SROSS-C2 | MSTI-2 | STEP-2 | Rimsat 2 | Progress M-23 | Tselina-D | Kosmos 2281 | Foton #9 | Intelsat 702 · STRV 1A · STRV 1B | USA-104 | STEP-1 | Soyuz TM-19 | FSW-16 | Kosmos 2282 | STS-65 | PAS-2 · Yuri 3n | Nadezhda #104 | Kosmos 2283 | Apstar 1 | Kosmos 2284 | Kosmos 2285 | APEX | DirecTV-2 | Kosmos 2286 | Brasilsat B1 · Türksat 1B | Kosmos 2287 · Kosmos 2288 · Kosmos 2289 | Molniya 3-60 | Progress M-24 | Kosmos 2290 | USA-105 | Optus B3 | Kiku 6 | USA-106 | Telstar 402 | STS-64 (SPARTAN-201) | Kosmos 2291 | Kosmos 2292 | STS-68 | Soyuz TM-20 | Intelsat 703 | Solidarad 2 | Thaicom 2 | Okean-O1 #7 | Ekspress-2 | IRS-P2 | Elektro #1L | Astra 1D | Wind | Kosmos 2293 | STS-66 (CRISTA-SPAS) | Resurs-O1 #3L | Progress M-25 | Kosmos 2294 · Kosmos 2295 · Kosmos 2296 | Kosmos 2297 | Geo-IK #24 | Orion 1 | Chinasat-6 | PAS-3 | Molniya 1-88 | Altair #13L | Kosmos 2298 | USA-107 | Radio-ROSTO | Kosmos 2299 · Kosmos 2300 · Kosmos 2301 · Kosmos 2302 · Kosmos 2303 · Kosmos 2304 | Gran' #43L | Kosmos 2305 | NOAA-14 | |
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets. |